d-wey

curcuma

2010-01-20T01:36:00.000-08:00

Curcumas are sometimes referred to as the `hidden ginger lily` primarily because of the lush, dense foliage that surrounds the blooms. The blooms come in a wide array of color and sizes and make for excellent cut flowers as they can last as long as two weeks. The most common variety is Curcuma Alismatifolia ‘Siam Tulip’ which is a wonderful pinky mauve that blooms all summer long.

Curcumas bloom spring, summer or fall depending on variety. This beautiful attractive dwarf species is a native of Thailand. It has long narrow pale green/blue stiff leaves and produces a pale purple/pink inflorescence on terminal spike, which can be used as cut flower. Curcumas are herbaceous perennials from Indochina, South East Asia, the Pacific Islands and northern Australia. They have broad, veined leaves, and small, brightly coloured flowers which emerge from large bracts. The flowers range in colour from white to pink, orange and shades of violet. The flower spikes last for several weeks. Curcumas die down in winter and re-emerge in spring, much like bulbs do.

Curcuma varieties

Curcuma `Tropical Snow` - white flower
Curcuma `Thai Magic` - pink flower
Curcuma `Thai Beauty` - dark pink flower
Curcuma gracillimum `Candy Stripe` - pink flower with dark striped edges
Curcuma alismatifolia `Siam Tulip` - pink/mauve flower
Curcuma cordata `Jewel of Thailand` - pink flower

GINGER BENEFIT

2010-01-03T21:22:00.000-08:00

Historically, ginger has a long tradition of being very effective in alleviating symptoms of gastrointestinal distress. In herbal medicine, ginger is regarded as an excellent carminative (a substance which promotes the elimination of intestinal gas) and intestinal spasmolytic (a substance which relaxes and soothes the intestinal tract). Modern scientific research has revealed that ginger possesses numerous therapeutic properties including antioxidant effects, an ability to inhibit the formation of inflammatory compounds, and direct anti-inflammatory effects

A clue to ginger's success in eliminating gastrointestinal distress is offered by recent double-blind studies, which have demonstrated that ginger is very effective in preventing the symptoms of motion sickness, especially seasickness. In fact, in one study, ginger was shown to be far superior to Dramamine, a commonly used over-the-counter and prescription drug for motion sickness. Ginger reduces all symptoms associated with motion sickness including dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and cold sweating.

Safe and Effective Relief of Nausea and Vomiting During Pregnancy

Ginger's anti-vomiting action has been shown to be very useful in reducing the nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, even the most severe form, hyperemesis gravidum, a condition which usually requires hospitalization. In a double-blind trial, ginger root brought about a significant reduction in both the severity of nausea and number of attacks of vomiting in 19 of 27 women in early pregnancy (less than 20 weeks). Unlike antivomiting drugs, which can cause severe birth defects, ginger is extremely safe, and only a small dose is required.

A review of six double-blind, randomized controlled trials with a total of 675 participants, published in the April 2005 issue of the journal, Obstetrics and Gynecology,has confirmed that ginger is effective in relieving the severity of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. The review also confirmed the absence of significant side effects or adverse effects on pregnancy outcomes.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects

Ginger contains very potent anti-inflammatory compounds called gingerols. These substances are believed to explain why so many people with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis experience reductions in their pain levels and improvements in their mobility when they consume ginger regularly. In two clinical studies involving patients who responded to conventional drugs and those who didn't, physicians found that 75% of arthritis patients and 100% of patients with muscular discomfort experienced relief of pain and/or swelling.

Arthritis-related problems with your aging knees? Regularly spicing up your meals with fresh ginger may help, suggests a study published in a recent issue of Osteoarthritis Cartilage. In this twelve month study, 29 patients with painful arthritis in the knee (6 men and 23 women ranging in age from 42-85 years) participated in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study. Patients switched from placebo to ginger or visa versa after 3 months. After six months, the double-blind code was broken and twenty of the patients who wished to continue were followed for an additional six months.

By the end of the first six month period, those given ginger were experiencing significantly less pain on movement and handicap than those given placebo. Pain on movement decreased from a score of 76.14 at baseline to 41.00, while handicap decreased from 73.47 to 46.08. In contrast, those who were switched from ginger to placebo experienced an increase in pain of movement (up to 82.10) and handicap (up to 80.80) from baseline. In the final phase of the study when all patients were getting ginger, pain remained low in those already taking ginger in phase 2, and decreased again in the group that had been on placebo.

Not only did participants' subjective experiences of pain lessen, but swelling in their knees, an objective measurement of lessened inflammation, dropped significantly in those treated with ginger. The mean target knee circumference in those taking ginger dropped from 43.25cm when the study began to 39.36cm by the 12th week. When this group was switched to placebo in the second phase of the study, their knee circumferences increased, while those who had been on placebo but were now switched to ginger experienced a decrease in knee circumference. In the final phase, when both groups were given ginger, mean knee circumference continued to drop, reaching lows of 38.78 and 36.38 in the two groups.

How does ginger work its anti-inflammatory magic? Two other recent studies provide possible reasons.

A study published in the November 2003 issue of Life Sciences suggests that at least one reason for ginger's beneficial effects is the free radical protection afforded by one of its active phenolic constituents, 6-gingerol. In this in vitro (test tube) study, 6-gingerol was shown to significantly inhibit the production of nitric oxide, a highly reactive nitrogen molecule that quickly forms a very damaging free radical called peroxynitrite. Another study appearing in the November 2003 issue of Radiation Research found that in mice, five days treatment with ginger (10 mg per kilogram of body weight) prior to exposure to radiation not only prevented an increase in free radical damage to lipids (fats found in numerous bodily components from cell membranes to cholesterol), but also greatly lessened depletion of the animals' stores of glutathione, one of the body's most important internally produced antioxidants.

A study published in the February 2005 issue of the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine sheds further light on the mechanisms of action that underlie ginger's anti-inflammatory effectiveness. In this research, ginger was shown to suppress the pro-inflammatory compounds (cytokines and chemokines) produced by synoviocytes (cells comprising the synovial lining of the joints), chrondrocytes (cells comprising joint cartilage) and leukocytes (immune cells).

Protection against Colorectal Cancer

Gingerols, the main active components in ginger and the ones responsible for its distinctive flavor, may also inhibit the growth of human colorectal cancer cells, suggests research presented at the Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research, a major meeting of cancer experts that took place in Phoenix, AZ, October 26-30, 2003.

In this study, researchers from the University of Minnesota's Hormel Institute fed mice specially bred to lack an immune system a half milligram of -gingerol three times a week before and after injecting human colorectal cancer cells into their flanks. Control mice received no -gingerol.

Tumors first appeared 15 days after the mice were injected, but only 4 tumors were found in the group of -gingerol-treated mice compared to 13 in the control mice, plus the tumors in the -gingerol group were smaller on average. Even by day 38, one mouse in the -gingerol group still had no measurable tumors. By day 49, all the control mice had been euthanized since their tumors had grown to one cubic centimeter (0.06 cubic inch), while tumors in 12 of the -gingerol treated mice still averaged 0.5 cubic centimeter-half the maximum tumor size allowed before euthanization.

Research associate professor Ann Bode noted, "These results strongly suggest that ginger compounds may be effective chemopreventive and/or chemotherapeutic agents for colorectal carcinomas."

In this first round of experiments, mice were fed ginger before and after tumor cells were injected. In the next round, researchers will feed the mice ginger only after their tumors have grown to a certain size. This will enable them to look at the question of whether a patient could eat ginger to slow the metastasis of a nonoperable tumor. Are they optimistic? The actions of the University of Minnesota strongly suggest they are. The University has already applied for a patent on the use of -gingerol as an anti-cancer agent and has licensed the technology to Pediatric Pharmaceuticals (Iselin, N.J.).

Ginger helps ease nausea in chemo patients

2010-01-03T21:21:00.000-08:00

Ginger, long used as a folk remedy for soothing tummyaches, helped tame one of the most dreaded side effects of cancer treatment — nausea from chemotherapy, the first large study to test the herb for this has found.

People who started taking ginger capsules several days before a chemo infusion had fewer and less severe bouts of nausea afterward than others who were given dummy capsules, the federally funded study found.

see how much it helped, said study leader Julie Ryan of the University of Rochester in New York.

Antioxidants in Green and Black Tea

2010-01-03T20:53:00.000-08:00

Read the tea leaves, caffeine lovers. Tea is gaining ground over coffee. Even Starbucks is bucking up its tea menu. The health benefits of tea are one compelling reason: Green and black teas have 10 times the amount of antioxidants found in fruits and veggies, by one estimate.

Studies of humans and animals show that the antioxidants in black and green teas are highly beneficial to our health, says 82-year-old John Weisburger, PhD, senior researcher at the Institute for Cancer Prevention in Valhalla, N.Y.

"I've published more than 500 papers, including a hell of a lot on tea," says Weisburger, who drinks 10 cups daily. "I was the first American researcher to show that tea modifies the metabolism to detoxify harmful chemicals."

Green tea, black tea, oolong tea -- they all come from the same tea plant, Camellia sinensis. The leaves are simply processed differently, explains Weisburger. Green tea leaves are not fermented; they are withered and steamed. Black tea and oolong tea leaves undergo a crushing and fermenting process.

All teas from the camellia tea plant are rich in polyphenols, which are a type of antioxidant. These wonder nutrients scavenge for cell-damaging free radicals in the body and detoxify them, says Weisburger. "Astounding" aptly describes tea's antioxidant power, he tells WebMD. "Whether it's green or black, tea has about eight to 10 times the polyphenols found in fruits and vegetables."

Black and green both have different types of antioxidants than fruits and vegetables. Thearubigins, epicatechins, and catechins are among those listed in a USDA chart. All are considered flavonoids, a type of antioxidant. Brewed green and black teas have loads of those, the chart shows. (Herbal teas may also contain antioxidants but less is known about them, Weisburger says.)

"In lab, we found that green and black tea had identical amounts of polyphenols," he tells WebMD. "We found that both types of tea blocked DNA damage associated with tobacco and other toxic chemicals. In animal studies, tea-drinking rats have less cancer."

Look at the world's big tea drinkers, like Japan and China. "They have much less heart disease and don't have certain cancers that we in the Western world suffer," says Weisburge

Medicine - Plants in Asian medicine

2010-01-03T20:34:00.000-08:00

All the great Asian medical traditions embrace herbal medicine, using a wide variety of plant species. Medicines might originate from any part of a plant, be it the flowers, stems, leaves, fruits, roots or bark.

Plant drugs

Harvesters pay particular attention to the places where plants grow, the time they are harvested and their method of processing. In addition, some traditions include animal products, metals, minerals and precious gems in their remedies.

Drug qualities

Plants and other ingredients are classified primarily by the five tastes (sweet, sour, bitter, pungent and salty) of the Chinese medical tradition and by the six tastes (sweet, sour, salty, bitter, pungent/hot and astringent) of Ayurveda and the Tibetan medical tradition. These further correspond with the five elements - earth, metal, water, wood and fire (Chinese system) and earth, fire, water, air and space in the Indian and Tibetan traditions. Also taken into consideration are the properties (hot/cold, heavy/light, smooth/rough and dull/sharp).

Benefits of Nettle plant

2009-12-07T03:40:00.000-08:00

In historical terms, it seems that nettle (Urtica Dioica) has been used since prehistoric times. In Denmark, a tissue of this plant was found in a tomb dating from the Bronze Age. There is evidence that in the Neolithic era, the nettle's stem has been used to make strings. It is also a known fact that Caesar's Roman troops brought nettle from England. Because of the uncommon properties of nettle fibers, it has also been used in the textile industry; for example the uniforms of the German army during the First World War were made out of nettle

Nettle tea

Nettle tea it cures diseases and inflammations of the urinary system, and also urinary retentions. It has a slightly laxative effect, being recommended in depurative remedies. For hepatic, biliary diseases as well as for conditions of the spleen, the treatment with nettle tea will last for a number of weeks. Nettle tea can also be of great help to those who suffer from diabetes, because it leads to the decrease of blood sugar and implicitly, of the glycemic level. It is useful in eliminating viruses, and bacterial infections. Preparation: the tea can be prepared through soaking the fresh or dried leaves in boiled water.

Nettle infusion

Washing the scalp with nettle (leaves or roots) infusion helps regenerate, grow and thicken the hair. Preparation: to prepare the infusion, mix 60g of finely crushed nettles with two and a half cups of water. The mixture is boiled, and then covered for 10 minutes. It can be consumed either hot or cold.

Nettle tincture

It eliminates dandruff and leaves the hair silky. Moreover, this strengthens and revitalizes the hair. Preparation: leave six-seven fresh leaves or two spoons of the dried plant to macerate in half a liter of alcohol for ten days. The mixture is then used to rub the hair root.

Nettle juice

For hypertension drink half a glass right before the most important meals. It has the effect of regulating arterial pressure and straightening blood vessels. In case of renal insufficiency, one glass of nettle juice per day should be consumed in the morning after waking up. The diet lasts for 20-30 days. In case of anemia and demineralization - consume one-two glasses of nettle juice for two weeks. Preparation: gather the nettle leaves and stem and put them into the fruit juicer. The paste is then filtered and the resulting juice is kept cold in the refrigerator in dark colored bottles.

Root powder

Follow a 60 day treatment against frail, dry hair, during which half a teaspoon of root powder is administered three times a day on an empty stomach. Preparation: the dried nettle roots are finely crushed using an electric coffee grinder. Nettle helps strengthen the immune system, annihilating the predisposition towards colds. Anemia, fatigue, exhaustion and other effects of stress can be fought if we add nettle, rich in iron and mineral, to our daily nutrition or to the periodic remedies we undergo.

Ginseng plant

2009-12-07T03:31:00.000-08:00

Ginseng (Panax Ginseng) - native of Eastern Asia, Siberia and North America is a perennial species known and appreciated for its pharmaceutical properties for almost 5000 years. The Korean and Chinese ginseng is a tonic for the whole body. It was very precious in ancient times and its price was the same with the price of gold. Beginning with the 9th century, the herb was introduced in Europe by an Arab physician and after nine centuries it became one of the most popular natural remedies. It was used initially for its tonic effect over the immune system and for its power to heal virosis and fever states, but its area of use increased gradually and in our days it is used to treat fatigue, afflictions of the nervous system and lack of concentration. Protected by law, ginseng is intensively cultivated in China, Japan, Korea and Russia. Etymologically, its name comes from the word "gin" that means "human" and the word "seng" that means "the essence".

Properties and benefits of Ginseng

Ginseng contains 12 types of bio-active chemical substances also known as ginsenoids. It also contains panaxan (Panax Ginseng), which diminishes the level of glicemia and increases the effect of insulin. Ginseng has tonic (especially over the nervous system), anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-depressive, hypotensive, hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic and aphrodisiac effects. It increases the concentration and aids memory processes. It has a positive effect over blood circulation and it improves the function of lungs. Even more, it can revitalize weak bodies; reduce fatigue, and increase work and effort capacity as well as stimulating the secretion of adrenalin. Due to these properties, the consumption of ginseng is recommended to those who sustain serious physical efforts.

It is important to be aware that owing to its nutritive qualities, ginseng can be used by all people, irrespective of age. Because it stimulates the endocrine glands, ginseng increases mineral and vitamin absorption. Because it is an adaptogen herb it contributes to the capacity of the body to adapt itself to the natural negative environment states such as cold, stress and malnutrition.

The quantity of active compounds is significantly larger if the root of the herb is older. The general belief is that the herb reaches its maturity after 6 years of life.

Treatments

According to Chinese tradition, ginseng treats hypertension as well as hypotension, anemia, asthenia, arthritis, digestive disorders, insomnia, and fatigue and increases body resistance during stress periods. The general belief is that ginseng prevents the ageing of tissues and treats impotence. Ginseng is included in the treatment of depressive and debilitative states, memory disorders and diabetes.

Because it is also a stimulant for the immune system, this herb is recommended in the treatment of low resistance to periods of cold. It is efficient in treating physical and intellectual fatigue that is generated by stress. It helps older and younger people as well.

It is recommended in the treatment of seasickness, airsickness and senility.

Mixtures

Used as capsules, powder, tea or nutritive supplements, ginseng can be easily found in any drug-store. The pharmaceutical products must be administrated by heeding the doctor's recommendations. It is important to know that the most efficient mixtures are obtained from the 5 year old herb roots. The soluble tablets are more efficient that the alcoholic extracts. The normal dose for an adult is about 0.03 oz and for a child the dose diminishes to half.

2009-11-30T20:48:00.000-08:00

Bloodroot

Sanguinaria canadensis

Bloodroot Herb Use and Medicinal Properties

Bloodroot is used in herbal medicine in very small doses, mainly for bronchial problems and severe throat infections. The root is used in many pharmaceuticals, mixed with other compounds to treat heart problems, dental applications (to inhibit plaque), and to treat migraines. Bloodroot paste is used externally for skin diseases, warts, and tumors. For ringworm apply the fluid extract. Bloodroot is said to repel insects. The root is used in as an anesthetic, cathartic, emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, diuretic, febrifuge, sedative, stimulant and tonic.

Research is very promising for Bloodroot constituents. One is sanguinarine; it is showing results as an anesthetic, antibacterial, anti-cholinesterase, anti-edemic, anti-gingivitic, anti-inflammatory, anti-neoplastic, antioxidant, anti-periodontic, anti-plaque, antiseptic, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, fungicide, gastrocontractant, hypertensive, pesticide, respiratory stimulant and more. Another important constituent is Berberine (also found in Goldenseal, Oregon Grape and Honeysuckle) which is showing promise in fighting brain tumors and many other cancers.

Bloodroot Habitat and Description

Bloodroot is a North American native perennial herb found growing in shaded, moist, rich woodlands from Quebec south to Florida and west to Kansas. Bloodroot grows to about 6 to 7 inches tall. The pale green, palmate, lobed, basal leaf is wrapped around the flower as it emerges and opens as the flowers blooms. The stem of Bloodroot is round, often orange or red when mature, it is topped by a single white flower with 8 to 12 petals and bright yellow center. The root is a thick, tender, tuber which contains a red juice that stains the skin readily. Gather root when flowers are in bloom. Dry the roots for later use or tincture fresh

2009-11-30T20:45:00.000-08:00

Japanese Honeysuckle
Lonicera japonica

Chin Yin Hua, Chin Yin T'Eng, Honeysuckle, Japanese Honeysuckle, Jen Tung, Jen Tung Chiu, Jen Tung Kao, Sui-Kazura, Yin Hua, Hall's Honeysuckle, White honeysuckle, Chinese honeysuckle, Halliana

Habitat
Perennial herb Native to E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, now naturalized in Britain and the US from southern New York and New Jersey south to southern Florida and west to southwestern Texas. Inland it is distributed from Pennsylvania and West Virginia west to Missouri, Kansas, and Oklahoma. Widespread in the eastern and southern United States. Japanese honeysuckle is an important white-tailed deer food and is often invasive. Cultivation: prefers partial shade to full sun and moist soil. Prune back hard in winter to prevent the build-up of woody growth, provide a trellis. Climbing Vine, Shrub, it has a dense root system that may extend laterally for a distance of 7 to 10 feet, and attain depths of 3 to 4 feet. The simple, opposite, pinnate leaves are oval to oblong in shape and are semi-evergreen and may persist on vines year-round, up to 3 inches in length. The extremely fragrant, two-lipped flowers are borne in pairs in the axils of young branches and are produced throughout the summer. Flowers range from 1 to 2 inches in length and are white with a slight purple or pink tinge when young, changing to white or yellow with age, they are edible. The fruit is a black, berrylike drupe with three to five one-seeded stones.

Properties
Japanese honeysuckle is edible and medicinal. High in Calcium, Magnesium, and Potassium, the leaves can be parboiled and eaten as a vegetable. The edible buds and flowers, made into a syrup or puddings. The entire plant has been used as an alternative medicine for thousands of years in Asia. The active constituents include calcium, elaidic-acid, hcn, inositol, linoleic-acid, lonicerin, luteolin, magnesium, myristic-acid, potassium, tannin, and zink. It is alterative, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antispasmodic, depurative, diuretic, febrifuge, and is also used to reduce blood pressure. The stems are used internally in the treatment of acute rheumatoid arthritis, mumps and hepatitis. The stems are harvested in the autumn and winter, and are dried for later herb use. The stems and flowers are used together a medicinal infusion in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections (including pneumonia) and dysentery. An infusion of the flower buds is used in the treatment of a wide range of ailments including syphillitic skin diseases and tumors, bacterial dysentery, colds, and enteritis. Experimentally, the flower extracts have been shown to lower blood cholesterol levels and are antibacterial, antiviral and tuberculostatic. Externally, the flowers are applied as a medicinal wash to skin inflammations, infectious rashes and sores. The flowers are harvested in early morning before they open and are dried for later herb use. This plant has become a serious weed in many areas of N. America, it might have the potential to be utilized for proven medicinal purposes. Other uses include; Ground cover, Insecticide, Basketry, vines used to make baskets. The white-flowers of cultivar 'Halliana' has a pronounced lemon-like perfume.

Folklore

Saponins in Japanese honeysuckle are much more toxic to some creatures, such as fish, and hunting tribes have traditionally put large quantities of them in streams, lakes etc. in order to stupefy or kill the fish.

2009-11-30T20:40:00.000-08:00

Black Walnut

Juglans Nigra

Parts Used – Bark, Leaves,

Fruit Hulls ( Green), Nut (Edible)

The graceful Black Walnut is a common tall hardwood tree in the Eastern United States. Self seeds easily. It is said that Black Walnut trees exude a chemical that prevents some types of other plants from growing around it. The wood is used for fine furniture. In herbal medicine, the leaves have been used to make a soothing skin and eye wash, powder from green hulls is anti-parasitic, the bark is astringent and was chewed for toothaches. Use poultice of green hulls for ringworm. Inner bark used as a laxative. Do not use internally during pregnancy.

Black Walnuts are hard to crack, but the nut is extremely tasty and some companies buy them in large quantities. If this plant is common in your area, you may see newspaper ads offer to buy them in the fall. The market for Black Walnuts exceeds a million dollars a year.

2009-11-30T20:33:00.000-08:00

Butterfly Weed

Butterfly Milkweed, Chiggerflower, Milkweed, Pleurisy Root, Tuberous Swallowwort, Orange Swallow-wort, Yanagi-Towata

Habitat
(Asclepias tuberosa) Perennial herb native to N. America from S. Ontario and New York to Minnesota, south to Florida and Colorado. Found growing in dry open fields, along roadsides and grassy places. Cultivation: Butterfly Weed is easy, can be transplanted in fall or grown from seed, prefers a well-drained light, sandy, humus rich, or peaty soil in a sunny position. The root is spindle-shaped, large, branching, white, and fleshy with a knotted crown, it sends up several erect, stout, round and hairy stems, growing from 1 to 3 feet high. Stems are branched near the top and have corymbs or umbels of many deep yellow to dark orange, or almost red, flowers. The leaves grow closely all the way up the stem and are hairy, unserrated, lance shaped, alternate, sessile and dark green on top, lighter beneath.

Flowers bloom usually from June to September, followed in the fall by seed pods from 4 to 5 inches long containing the seeds with their long silky hairs or floss. This plant, unlike the other milkweeds, contains little or no milky juice. The seed pods are edible, cooked when young, harvest them before the seed floss forms. Harvest flowers in bloom, also edible cooked, said to taste like sweet peas. Leaves and new buds are edible cooked like spinach. Harvest root in fall and dry for later herb use.

Properties
Butterfly Weed is edible and medicinal. Asclepias tuberosa has a long history of use as a valuable alternative medicine and is one of the most important of the indigenous American species. The plant (above ground) is used mainly for food and clothing. The root is medicinal, it is antispasmodic, carminative, mildly cathartic, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, tonic and vasodilator.

Butterfly Weed is used internally in the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, chronic rheumatism, and as an expectorant. It has a specific action on the lungs, making it a valuable medicinal herb in all chest complaints and in the treatment of many lung diseases.

A warm infusion of the root exerts a mild tonic effect on the system. Caution is advised, as large doses of Butterfly Weed are emetic and purgative. A medicinal poultice of the roots is used in the treatment of swellings, bruises, wounds, and skin ulcers. The bark is used to make a quality fiber and woven into twine or cloth. The seed floss is used for stuffing in pillows and life jackets, candle wicks, and fibers to make cloth. Research indicates the floss is effective at cleaning up oil spills at sea.

2009-11-30T20:29:00.000-08:00

Trout Lily
Erythronium americanum

Other Names: Adder's tongue, American trout-lily, Dog's tooth violet, Serpent's Tongue, Yellow Adder's-tongue, Yellow fawn-lily, Yellow Snowdrop

Habitat
A North American native perennial found growing in damp, open woodlands from New Brunswick to Florida and west to Ontario and Arkansas. Cultivation: a member of the Lily family Trout Lily is cultivated by seed or transplanting of the bulb or corm in fall. Prefers slightly acid well-drained soil, plenty of humus and requires semi-shade. The root is a deeply buried, bulb-like corm, light brown, about 1 inch long, and solid with white starchy flesh. Two or three leaf blades grow from the base and are about 3 inches tall, oblong, smooth, dark green, with purplish mottling, and about 1 inch wide. The slender stem is 3 to 4 inches long and leafless. The flowers of Trout Lily can be bright white or creamy colored to bright yellow it is about 3 inches across, lily-like and drupes with the six petals folded upwards. It blooms in April and May. Gather edible fresh leaves, bulbs and flowers in spring and root in summer to fall. Dry root for later medicinal herb use.

Properties
Edible and medicinal, the whole Trout Lily plant is used as fresh salad additives, flowers are tasty, or cooked as a pot herb. Trout Lily is used in alternative medicine as contraceptive, diuretic, emetic, emollient, febrifuge, stimulant. Plant constituents include alph-methylene-butyrolactone which has antimutagenic activity. This chemical prevents cell mutation and may prove to be a valuable weapon in fighting all cancers. The leaves and bulb are crushed and used to dress wounds and reduce swellings, for scrofula and other skin problems. A medicinal tea made from the root and leaf is said to reduce fever and fainting, tea also taken for ulcers, tumors and swollen glands.

2009-11-30T20:23:00.000-08:00

Trilliums, Birthroot, Beth Root

Prairie Trillium (Trillium recurvatum) White Trillium (Trillium Grandiflorum) Toad Shade (Sessile Trillium)

Many types of Trilliums appear throughout our area in early spring. The flower symbolizes the early arrival of robins- ‘wake-robin' is a common name. Perennial native to Eastern N. America and Canada, Maine to Ontario, south to Georgia and Arkansas. Found growing in rich woods and thickets. Cultivation: Trillium is fairly easy to grow, it prefers a deep well-drained woodland or humus-rich soil in a shady position that remains moist in the summer. Transplants from the wild are best, but can be propagated by seed though it may take 2 years to germinate and another two years to bloom. Trillium is a very ornamental and long-lived plant. It is said to be a polymorphic species and is very subject to mutation. Trillium grows from a short thick root or rhizome. The long stem is tinged with red, round and smooth, unbranched, growing up to 2 feet high. Atop the stem there is a whorl of 3 broadly ovate, short petiole, wavy-edged and dark green (sometimes mottled) leaves. This whorl of leaves can reach as much as 10 to 12 inches in diameter . The flower perches above the leaves on a 2 to 3 inch petiole or small stem, or is sometimes sessile (having no stem) as with the Toad shade Trillium or the Prairie Trillium, and may be dark red to pink or white or even both, but always with 3 petals and 3 green sepals, forming a star shape. According to ginsengers, this group of flowers, as well as Jack in the Pulpit; are good indicators of soil favorable for growing wild ginseng. Dry root for later herb use.

Properties: Trillium is edible and medicinal, it has a long history of use by Native Americans. The young edible unfolding leaves are an excellent addition to salad tasting somewhat like sunflower seeds. The leaves can also be cooked as a pot herb. The root is used as an alternative medicine and is antiseptic, antispasmodic, diuretic, emmenagogue (to promote menstruation), and ophthalmic. The roots, fresh or dry, may be boiled in milk and used for diarrhea and dysentery. The raw root is grated and applied as a poultice to the eye in order to reduce swelling, or on aching rheumatic joints. The leaves were boiled in lard and applied to ulcers as a poultice, and to prevent gangrene. An infusion of the root is used in the treatment of cramps and a common name for the plant, ‘birthroot', originated from its use to promote menstruation. A decoction of the root bark can be used as drops in treating earache. Constituents found in the volatile and fixed oils are, tannic acid, saponin, a glucoside resembling convallamarin, sulphuric acid and potassium dichromate, gum, resin, and starch.

Folklore: Used to facilitate childbirth, and to treat other female problems by the women of many Native American tribes. Trillium root was considered to be a sacred female herb and they only spoke of it to their medicine women.

2009-11-30T20:17:00.000-08:00

Blackberry

Rubus allegheniensis

Other Names Allegheny Blackberry, American Blackberry, Bly, Bramble, Bramble-Kite, Brambleberry, Brameberry, Brummel

Blackberry Herbal Use and Medicinal Properties

Blackberry is edible and medicinal. Used extensively by the Native American tribes, it had many other surprising uses. The leaf is more commonly used as a medicinal herb, but the root also has medicinal value. Young edible shoots are harvested in the spring, peeled and used in salads. Delicious Blackberries are edible raw or made into jelly or jam. The root-bark and the leaves are astringent, depurative, diuretic, tonic and vulnerary. They make an excellent alternative medicine for dysentery, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, and cystitis.

The most astringent part is the root. Orally, they are used to treat sore throats, mouth ulcers and gum inflammations. A decoction of the leaves is useful as a gargle in treating thrush and also makes a good general mouthwash. The presence of large amounts of tannins that give blackberry roots and leaves an astringent effect useful for treating diarrhea are also helpful for soothing sore throats. A medicinal syrup is also made from Blackberry, using the fruit and root bark in honey for a cough remedy.

Blackberry Habitat and Description

Blackberry is a thorny shrub or vine, perennial, native to Eastern N. America from Nova Scotia to Ontario, New York, Virginia and North Carolina south. It is found in dry thickets, clearings and woodland margins, fence rows, open meadows, roadsides in and waste places.

When the Blackberry flowers bloom in the wild it is a beautiful sight; hillsides and fields are covered with white flowers. The flowers are white, with five petals, and bloom in April and May. Blackberry plants have biennial stems; they produce a number of new stems from the perennial rootstock each year, these stems fruit in their second year and then die. The vines are long and very thorny, growing in groups or thickets. Blackberry vines branch and can grow up to 15 feet or more in length, and thickets can extend to hundreds of square acres in an area. They die off after 2 to 3 years but are usually retained in the thickets making them largely impenetrable. Blackberry Leaves are light green, serrate and palmate with 3 to five leaflets or fingers, the main vein on the back of each leaflet has thorns.

How to Grow Blackberries

Blackberry is easily grown in a good well-drained loamy soil in sun or semi-shade.

Plants - Simmons Plant Farm - All kinds of Berries

Blackberries were in olden days supposed to give protection against all 'evil runes,' if gathered at the right time of the moon. Since ancient Greek physicians prescribed the herb for gout, the leaves, roots, and even berries have been employed as a medicinal herb. The most common uses were for treating diarrhea, sore throats, and wounds. Native Americans made fiber, obtained from the stem, it was used to make a strong twine. Another use was as a huge barricade around the village made of piles of the thorny canes, for protection from 4 and 2 legged predators. A purple to dull blue dye is obtained from the fruit.

Blackberry Recipe Ideas

Medicinal herb tea: To 1 ounce of the dried leaves and root bark, add 1 pint of boiling water, and steep 10 min., drink a tea cup at a time. Use to make jellies, jams, cobblers, and in any recipe where you would use raspberries.

lobelia herbal use

2009-11-18T19:20:00.000-08:00

Blue Lobelia

Lobelia inflata

Other Names: Blue Cardinal Flower, Blue Lobelia, Great Blue Lobelia, Great Lobelia, High-lobelia, Indian Tobacco, Lobelia

Habitat
Perennial herb native to Eastern N. America from Maine to S. Dakota, south to Texas and Missouri. Found growing in moist woods, stream and pond banks, and marshes. A beautiful garden border plant, cultivation is fairly easy, Lobelia prefers light to medium moist, well drained soils and partial shade. The stems are erect, sometimes branching, flower stalks. Growing to 3 feet high they are covered with light blue or purpleish two lipped flowers, the lower lip is divided into three pointed lobes and the upper lip into two. The lower leaves are large, ovate, alternate, hairy, and petioled (having a leaf stalk) while the upper leaves, growing on the stalk are smaller and sessile (having no leaf stalk). Flowers bloom from July to November. Seed capsules are formed after flowers fade and are two celled, containing many tiny brown seeds. Gather the plant tops after some of the seed capsules have formed, dry for later use.

Properties
Lobelia siphilitica and Lobelia inflata have basically the same uses. Lobelia was a highly prized medicinal plant and used extensively by Native Americans. It was considered a panacea, being used for just about everything that ailed them. Once it was discovered by Europeans and taken back to England they also used it for many illnesses. Lobelia is still used today as an alternative medicine in many parts of the world. Medical research has found the plants constituents to be Piperidine alkaloids including Lobeline, and other carboxylic acids as well as isolobelanine, gum, resin, chlorophyl, fixed oil, lignin, salts of lime and potassium, with ferric oxide. Lobeline stimulates the respiratory center of the brain, producing stronger and deeper breathing, making it very useful in treating many respiratory complaints, such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, whooping cough, spasmodic croup, and pneumonia. While at the same time isolobelanine, relaxes the respiratory and neuro-muscular system and acts as a nervine and antispasmodic. It is a most useful systemic relaxant and a holistic combination of stimulation and relaxation. The seeds contain a much higher percentage of lobeline than the rest of the plant. The whole plant is used as an analgesic, cathartic, emetic, expectorant, diaphoretic, anti-asthmatic, stimulant, antispasmodic, narcotic, and sedative. Used to treat convulsive and inflammatory disorders such as epilepsy, hysterical convulsions, traumatic injuries, tetanus, sores and abscesses, colds and fevers, diphtheria and tonsilitis. When chewed it tastes similar to tobacco and produces effects like those of nicotine. It is used in some antismoking products. Also used for scorpion and snake bites and to induce nausea and vomiting. A poultice of the root has been applied in treating pleurisy, rheumatism, tennis elbow, whiplash injuries, boils, ulcers and hard to heal sores.

Folklore
Used as a Ceremonial (Emetic) in religious ceremonies by some native American tribes. An infusion of plant was taken to vomit and cure tobacco or whiskey habit or as a love or anti-love medicine. A decoction of the plant was taken to counteract sickness produced by witchcraft. It was believed by some native North American Indian tribes that if the finely ground roots were secretly added to the food of an arguing couple they would love each other again.

Recipe
Infusion: Pour 1 cup of boiling water into l/4 to l/2 teaspoonful of the dried herb and let steep for l0 to l5 min. Drink three times a day. Tincture: take l/2 ml of the tincture three times a day.

pea function

2009-11-12T21:57:00.000-08:00

Pea

Pea is an unusual combination of nutrients. Because of the mixture of vitamins B1, B2, B6 and C as well as the iron content, pea is a medicine against fatigue, anemia, problems with learning, poor function of the immune system of the body.

Pea is rich in fibers, vitamin A, B3, B6, C, K, folate, iron, zinc, phosphorus, manganese, magnesium, potassium, protein.

Its fiber content makes it useful in cleaning the intestines. Contains beta-carotene and lutein, beneficial for eye health.

Pea is effective in treating anemia due to its iron content.

Pea combats fatigue, helps strengthen the immune system.

The beans from peas are rich in proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals, particularly nitrogenous substances. Dry peas have more nutritive substances than the fresh ones.

For cooking, dry peas must be kept several hours in cold water, then boiled in water at slow fire and add the salt in the end.

Properties of pea

- Energetic
- Digestible
- Enables the intestinal transit

Indications - internal use:

- Growth
- Constipation
- Slow digestion
- Breakdown
- not recommended to enteric

Usage - internal use:

- fresh: constipation
- dry: consumed in moderation (contains concentrated elements)
- Soups, dishes

cherries

2009-11-12T21:48:00.000-08:00

Cherries

Cherry has a powerful detoxifying and depurative action which recommends it in rheumatism, persons suffering from gout or constipation, those with renal and biliary lithiasis.

Cherries are over 70 percent made from water - just like us! The remaining 30 percent is full in B complex vitamins (B1, B2, B6) - very necessary for supplying the body with energy; also it contains magnesium - whose absence makes us feel tired and depressed. The high water content of cherries allows us to eat as many as we like, without fattening us! On the other hand, if we want to keep a diet with these fruits, it is required a large amount to obtain visible results. For example, consuming at least half - to one kilogram of cherries for a day or two a week we force to remove toxins from the body. This will make us feel more rested during the day, and our skin will become smoother and softer. A cure of cherries has remarkable results.

Cherries mini diet:

In the morning, on an empty stomach, start with a minimum dose of 100 g. The dose is increased gradually to reach the end of the third week to 500 g. From the 300 g dose, the amount is divided into three parts until noon, and no longer will be consumed any other food. During the cures it's recommended to avoid animal fat, refined sugar or alcohol.

The exclusive diet

For three or four days eat only cherries. This diet can be resumed every month. Between one and another dose is recommended to drink mineral water. The amount of cherries is between two and three kilograms a day. Some authors recommend up to five kilograms of cherries a day. But the absorption capacity is variable from one person to another. The quantity of fruit is consumed in several doses during the day. Whatever the fruit you choose, an exclusive diet should be started with a certain caution and progressively increase the amount, don't risk digestive disorders. The reason is easy to see: a body used to an unbalanced diet may react violently to a new way of eating.

Cherry diet is also recommend to people suffering from hepatic diseases, as it regulates the liver function, for those with low mineral content, those with biliary diseases, those with advanced state of fatigue, anemic people, children with growth deficiencies, those with nervous diseases as modern medicine recognizes the sedative effect of this remarkable fruit.

Cherri stimulate the body and have a favorable action on the natural immunity and also have a function of regulating the digestive system, especially intestinal fermentation. Very high in potassium, this fruit is an excellent diuretic. Cherries are rich in provitamin A, which increases visual acuity and maintain tissues healthy (skin, mucous, epithelium). From the age of 40, some individuals may suffer from acidosis and alkalosis, responsible for an early aging; in its action of rebalancing the pH of the blood, the cherry diminishes these disorders. The main sugar is laevulose, perfectly assimilated by diabetics. Cherry juice cause the elimination of food debris and toxins from the body. People suffering from rheumatism, those suffering from gout and arthritis should drink it. Cherry juice cleans the urinary tract and intestines.

Cherry tails have medicinal properties recommended in urinary tract diseases. Besides their anti-inflammatory qualities, they are famous for their diuretic action.

Diuretic and anti-inflammatory tea: boil 30 g of cherry tails for ten minutes in a liter of water. Strain. Drink three cups a day.

Flu: macerate 50 g of cherry tails in a liter of water for 12 hours. Then boil them for ten minutes and leave to infuse another ten minutes. Strain. Drink the preparation in four rounds per day.

Cherry is a good friend of the dried and tired skin: a handful of cherries without the pits are put in the mixer and the obtained paste is applied on the face. Relax for about 20 minutes. Rinse with mineral water (or water without limestone ).

benefit of tomato

2009-11-12T21:31:00.000-08:00

Benefits of tomato

Tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L, Solanacea family, originally from South America, is one of the most important plants in human alimentation, which can be consumed fresh or as an ingredient in various dishes and is considered the most consumed vegetable after the potato . Tasty and almost indispensable in the kitchen, the tomato has many beneficial health characteristics.

The tomato is considered the "queen" of garden crops, both for its beneficial effects on health, and for its color, improving all the gastronomy. Although we can eat tomatoes all year round because of the greenhouse crops, their nutritional value is much higher and has a more intense flavor when grown in gardens, in the sun, from June to September.

Chemical composition of tomatoes

There are known different varieties of tomato, round, oval, "cherry", but all have the same nutritional characteristics, being an important source of:

- potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, so necessary to the normal activity of nerves and muscles;
- vitamins as A, B and C - tomatoes is the third source of vitamin C in our diet and the fourth for vitamin A, through its content in beta-carotene or pro vitamin A;
- phytosterols, compounds that help to keep cholesterol under control;
- folic acid, which helps eliminate homocysteine, an amino acid whose metabolism is dependent on the metabolism of vitamins from B complex, especially that of folic acid.

Lycopene, a compound with exceptional properties

The tomato is a food very rich in lycopene, a vegetal pigment from carotenoid family, a compound discovered in 1873, which gives color to the vegetable, but also has exceptional properties as lycopene is a powerful antioxidant. Numerous studies have shown that by regular consumption of tomatoes, the resistance to cancer of the prostate, lung, digestive, but also heart disease is increased. Also, tomatoes help to fight against atherosclerosis syndrome and muscle degeneration, the main causes of discomfort in people over 65 years.

Studies on the health beneficial effects of tomatoes and their derivatives have focused mainly on lycopene, however, the administration only of lycopene for 12 weeks had no effect on the damaged DNA in human lymphocytes. These observations show that is more efficient the combination of:

- carotenoids (a class of natural liposoluble pigments found especially in plants, interfering in the photosynthesis);
- tocopherol (vitamin E, soluble);
- phenolic acid and flavonoids (natural compounds found in plants).

This combination of different carotenoids or the association of carotenoids with tocopherol (vitamin E) or phenolic acid has simultaneous effects on blocking the pathological reactions, which generates free radicals, able to affect the DNA. It was also found that the supplementation of a diet containing a small quantity of carotenoids with tomato juice can increase cellular immunity, involved in reducing the risk of cancer

Lycopene, a compound with exceptional properties

Thermally treated tomatoes are more efficient

Unlike fruits and vegetables which reduce their nutritional content when are thermally treated, such as vitamin C, thermally treated tomatoes increase the concentration of lycopene and the antioxidant properties are not lost. Moreover, studies have confirmed that the body absorbs better the lycopene from tomatoes when they are thermally treated.

Fresh tomato provides 4 times less the amount of bioavailable lycopene to the while the juice or sauce of a tomato is a source of lycopene easier to use. Besides tomatoes, there are other red fruits and vegetables rich in lycopene, such as watermelon, but the content is lower Over 80 percent of the lycopene in our diet comes from tomatoes and tomato-derived products, and combination with olive oil increases its absorption.

Antioxidants

Antioxidants are substances (vitamins, minerals, natural coloring) that protect body cells from the harmful effects of free radicals, molecules that form in the body through contact with oxygen. Free radicals are partly responsible for the processes of aging, cardiovascular diseases and cancer and act by attacking the cell membranes and the cellular DNA.

Cellular oxidation is a normal process that affects all tissues, is inevitable, but some factors such as environmental contamination, smoking, diets high in saturated fats, excessive sun exposure and excess physical activity contribute to increased production of free radicals . Most antioxidants are found in plants, which is why it is so necessary to eat more fruits and vegetables as they protect us from free radicals naturally.

The three main representatives of antioxidants are vitamins C, E and pro vitamin A. Citrus, nuts, peanuts, almonds, spinach, onion, especially the red one, berries, cabbage, carrots , grapes, pumpkins, melon, kiwi and of course, tomatoes have the highest antioxidant power. It is recommended a weekly consumption of 7 servings of tomato derivatives, (one serving = one glass of tomato juice of 250 ml or 125 ml of tomato sauce for other dishes). Tomatoes are mostly used in the Mediterranean diet, and in Spanish cuisine is the main component of a typical preparation called gazpacho.

Contraindications for tomatoes

It should also be remembered the moderately content in oxalic acid of tomatoes (5.3 mg / 100 g), substances which form insoluble calcium salts (calcium oxalate) which can precipitate in the form of kidney stones. Also, due to its acidity, a moderate consumption is encourage and in the case of gastro duodenal diseases, the consumption should be stopped.

When buying tomatoes, you have to choose the freshest ones, with smooth, soft skin, of medium consistency (neither too strong nor too soft) or too green, but not too mature. Tomatoes can be stored for longer periods in their natural state by placing them on their tail or the green area corresponding to the tail and separated between them. The fridge can maintain them in good condition between 6 to 8 days, if kept whole and no more than 2 days if they are preserved in the form of fresh juice..

aloe vera used for

2009-11-12T21:24:00.000-08:00

Aloe Vera health benefits

Also called "the elixir of youth" by the Russians, "the herb of immortality" by the old Egyptians or the "harmonious remedy" by the Chinese, Aloe vera is without a doubt the medicinal herb most widely known for its noticeable impacts on health and at the same time the ingredient most widely used in the cosmetic industry. so far was fully able to explain the wonders which lie within this herb and how its compounds work together in a miraculous way to bring about the treatment or the alleviation of some of the most serious illnesses like cancer or AIDS.
Aloe vera or "Aloe Barbadensis" is a plant which originated in North Africa and spread to the fertile lands with mild climate. Its physical aspect is similar to that of the cactus; the thick rind hides a succulent core formed mostly of water.

The aforementioned herb gained worldwide recognition and has been intensively used from the oldest of times due to its extraordinary features. A clear proof of this fact is a clay plank found in the antic city of Nippur, Babilon (the Irak from today) dating from year 2200 b.c. From Greek physicians like Celsius and Dioscorides to Romanians (Pylni the Great) and Arabs (Al-Kindi) to C.E. Collins, the one who published the first modern medical thesis in United States (1934), "aloe vera" has always been an issue with a long history behind it. Just about every important civilization used it for its benefical effects over health and beauty. Egyptians would mix aloe with other herbs while preparing remedies for internal and external anomalies. After the Second World War, aloe vera was introduced in treating the victims of the catastrophies from.Nagasaki and Hiroshima because of its ability of mitigating the pain of the patients and renewing skin tissues.

Proprieties of aloe vera

The most oftenly used substance from this herb is the aloe gel, a thick viscid liquid found in the interior of the leaves. The leaves are used in the treatment of burns and the aloine - a bitter milky yellowish liquid is used as a laxative. The herb contains: 20 minerals (Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc, Chromium , Selenium), 12 vitamins (A, B, C, E, folic acid), 20 aminoacids from the 22 which are necessary to the human body, over 200 active components including enzymes and polysaccharides. All the active substances enumerated before contribute to the therapeutical value of the herb. We shall move on to presenting the main effects that the herb has over the human body: it toughens up the immune system owing to the 23 peptides contained by the aloe vera, it accelerates and regulates the methabolism, purifies the human body from toxins, bringing about a feeling of calm. Moreover, aloe vera has an antiseptic effect (by distroying the bacterias, viruses and fungi), disinfectant capabilities and can also stimulate the cell-renewing process. Aloe vera nourishes and supports the digesting of aliments. Cutting across the human organism, aloe vera manages to bring the human body to a general balanced state

lavender as herbs plants

2009-11-12T21:06:00.000-08:00

Benefits of Lavender plant

Lavender is a herbaceous plant from the labial family and Mediterranean by origin, lavender is used in medicine, in the perfume industry and in the alimentary industry.

Description of Lavender plant

Lavender is a small shrub, a perennial herb, with lignified roots, and ramified stems, 30-70 cm tall. It is easy to be recognized because of its small, mauve flowers and because of the silver puff which the leaves appear to be covered with. The plant can easily adapt itself to droughty conditions or to wet climates. If the plant is kept indoors, it is advised for it to be put in a brightly lit place, as sun light helps increase growth percentages of ethereal oil in the herb. Lavender is harvested at the time when half of the flowers are open. It is best that this procedure be carried out on summer mornings, the period in which lavender flowers contain an optimum amount of active substances.

Properties and benefits of Lavender

Dried lavender flowers are used to prepare a series of natural remedies with cicatrizant, antiseptic, calming and relaxing effects. By containing tannin, a bitter substance, mineral substances, essential oils, lavender flowers have an antiseptic, calming and carminative activity, and nerve stimulating effects. They are used in cases of digestive disorder, in cephalalgia as a flavouring and corrective agent, in hypertension, cardiac affections, headaches, insomnia, melancholia, dizziness or bronchial asthma.

Treatments

v- In cases of headaches, anxiety states, rheumatism or distension, the consumption of lavender flower tea or infusion of lavender flowers is recommended.

- For cases of insomnia it is best to add a few drops of lavender oil on the pillow. This is also useful for relieving stress, clearing nostrils - a case in which 5 drops of oil are added into a vessel filled with hot water and inhalations are taken. The plant's oil is a good disinfectant of wounds and burns. In case of solar burns a few drops of lavender oil are added into mineral water, which is then used to moisten the affected area. Having antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties, lavender oil can be used for treating headaches through massaging the temples with a few drops of it.

- For treating colds, influenza or fever, lavender vinegar is a very handy remedy. The vinegar is also recommended for rheumatism massages.

- The plant is also used in the cosmetic industry, in treatments against couperose and acne and in looking after fat complexion. Lavender flowers are used to produce perfumes. Through regular massages, lavender oil strengthens hair roots.

Mixtures

Lavender tea

Lavender tea is prepared with two teaspoons of flowers to a cup of boiled water. It is to be drunk hot and sweetened with honey. It is good against stress and headaches. Concentrated tea, obtained from 5-6 spoonfuls of herb macerated in a cup of boiling water, is used for treating superficial burns or light wounds.

Lavender infusion

Lavender infusion is prepared with 5 teaspoons of dried flowers put in a cup of boiling water. This is used externally for washing and disinfecting wounds and ulcerations. In case of complexions with visible, small, red blood vessels, hot lavender infusion compresses are applied on the affected areas. The infusion obtained from 40g of flowers for one liter of boiling water is used for the rinsing of the hair. The mixture of infusion, oil and tincture, obtained from the concentrated infusion of lavender flowers, a few drops of lavender oil and a few drops of lavender water, is used for massages, thus bringing about a state of comfort.

Macerated lavender

Macerated lavender is acquired from 40g of dried flowers per 1 liter of alcohol. The mixture is left at room temperature for 2 weeks, occasionally stirring the bottle. The resulting alcohol can be used in small amounts for wounds. The macerate in oil, formed from 25g of flowers, is left in the sun for a few days along with one liter of olive oil, and it is used for anointing acne and ulcerations of the skin.

Lavender tincture

Lavender tincture is prepared out of 200g of dried lavender flowers for one liter of alimentary alcohol and half a liter of distilled water. It is left to macerate for 4 days with occasional stirrings. The mixture is then filtered and it is used in various throat affections or as mouthwash.

Lavender oil

Lavender oil is obtained from 20g of dried lavender flowers mixed with 20ml of alcohol. The mixture is put into a small jar, then 200ml of olive oil is added after which it is stirred well. It is boiled in a steam bath for two hours while being stirred from time to time. After the vessel is taken out of the steam bath, it is left covered for 2 days and then filtered through a gauze. It is then left in a cool place, in the dark. Oils are applied once a week, in the evening, after cleaning the complexion, before going to sleep, being left like that for 20 minutes after which it is washed away with warm water.

Lavender vinegar

Lavender vinegar, with insecticide, anti-calcareous effects, used for rheumatism or colds, is prepared with a few lavender flowers, mint and sage leaves, rose, savory and juniper petals and is macerated for a period of 7 days in one liter of wine vinegar. The plants are then filtered and it is complemented with vinegar until the one liter mark is reached.

Lavender water

Lavender water is used for refreshing and tonifying the skin and is prepared from 50ml of alcohol of a 60-70 degree concentration which is left to macerate along with 200g of lavender flowers. The composition is kept in a cool place for 30-40 days after which it is filtered.

Lavender bath water

Lavender bath water is prepared like this: dried flowers are tied into small bags of linen. These are filtered in hot water in a bathtub, the water thus becoming more tonifying and refreshing because of the essential oils, which are being disengaged.

The tonic lotion is realized from one spoonful of lavender flowers covered with 50ml of white alcohol. The mixture is left to macerate for 10 days at room temperature, it is filtered through linen and then the quantity of boiling and cold water is doubled. The lotion is used in the evening (after cleaning up any make-up) and in the morning.

Cosmetic masks are prepared from a spoonful of wheat bran rubbed in with a few drops of olive oil, a teaspoon of polyfloral honey and a few drops of lavender lotion. The mask is applied once a week in the evening after removing make-up and it is kept on for 20 minutes after which it is washed away with warm water. For cupreous complexions, the bran is replaced by starch.

foeniculum vugare l.function as medicine

2009-11-02T21:18:00.000-08:00

Foeniculum vulgare L.

Umbelliferae

Uses: We like to saute stalks. Bronze fennel is beautiful in the garden and comes up every year. It gives and gives, a must have

Medicine: Leaves and seed relax parasympathetic nervous system of gut.

Mildly bacteriacidal (anti-microbial). Mild estrogenic effect. Oil used as fungicide to protect foods. Seeds have been decocted (simmered) in water as a lactagogue. Tincture of the seed used for diarrhea control and cramps. Diuretic leaves and seed, root. Roots purgative (cathartic).

-Thins and expels disease laden mucus.

-Synergistic with other herbs.

Chemistry: Seed: 60%+- petroselenic acid, tocopherols (high in gamma-tocotrienol), anethole, anisic acid, limonene, trigonelline, camphene, fenchone....(6)

Wildlife/Veterinarian: Fennel seeds may be hazardous as food for birds.

WARNING: Do not use fennel oil as it is too strong and may respiratory distress and seizures.

GRAS: Edible leaves and seeds.

karvy medical plants in india

2009-10-27T22:27:00.000-07:00

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Common name: Karvy • Hindi: Maruadana • Manipuri: খুম Khum • Marathi: कारवी Karvy
Botanical name: Strobilanthes callosus Family: Acanthaceae (Ruellia family)
Synonyms: Carvia callosa

Karvy is a purplish-blue wild flower, which blooms once every seven years. The plant was first discovered by Nees, a resident Britisher of Mumbai in the last century. The Karvy plant grows wild around Mumbai, Madhya Pradesh, Parts of Gujarat and in large areas of Konkan and North Kannara Ghats. It is a shrub growing 2-6 m tall. Oppositely arranged, elliptic-lancelike toothed leaves are 10-20 cm long. Each year the plant comes alive with the advent of Monsoon,and once the rains are over, what is left behind is dry and dead-looking stems.This pattern repeats itself for seven years. In the seventh year, the plant explodes into mass flowering. The Karvy plant has many uses as well. The leaves and the stems are also used for thatched roofs after the season is over.
Medicinal uses: The Karvy leaves are crushed and the juice is believed to be a sure cure for stomach ailments.

Identification credit: Dinesh Valke

Mars barbel medical plants

2009-10-27T22:12:00.000-07:00

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Photo: Pravin Kawale

Common name: Marsh Barbel • Hindi: Gokula kanta • Marathi: तालीम ख़ाना Talim Khana • Tamil: Nirumuli • Malayalam: Voyal-chullai • Telugu: Kokilakshi • Kannada: Kalavankabija • Bengali: Shulamardan • Konkani: Kalaso • Sanskrit: कोकिलाक्ष Kokilaksha, Shrinkhali
Botanical name: Hygrophila schulli Family: Acanthaceae (Ruellia family)
Synonyms: Hygrophila auriculata

Marsh Barbel is a stout aquatic perennial herb, 1-2 m high. Erect unbranched stems are hairy near swollen nodes. Densely hairy, lance-like, stalkless leaves, 10-15 cm long, occur in whorls of 6 at each node on the stem. Straight, yellow, 4 cm long spines are present in the axil of each leaf. Flowers occur in 4 pairs at each node. The 3 cm long purple-blue flowers are 2-lipped - the upper lip is 2-lobed and the lower one 3-lobed with lengthwise folds. Flowers open in opposite pairs. Flowering: October-April.
Medicinal uses: Kokilaksha, as it is known in sanskrit, was extensively used in Ayurvedic system of medicine for various ailments like rheumatism, inflammation, jaundice, hepatic obstruction, pain, etc.

Identification credit: Pravin Kawale

hophead medical plants in india

2009-10-27T22:10:00.001-07:00

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Common name: Hophead, Philippine Violet • Bengali: Vishellakarani
Botanical name: Barleria lupulina Family: Acanthaceae (Ruellia family)

Hophead is a popular medicinal plant distributed in mountains of southern and western India. Shrubbery plant with single dark green leaves, red-brown branches, and flowers that bloom in upright spikes. It is an erect shrub with smooth, hairless stems and leaves. Leaves narrowly obovate, spine-tipped, 3.5-9 cm long, 0.8-1.2 cm wide. Flowers occur in a terminal spike with overlapping bracts which are broadly ovate, 15 mm long, green with purple upper half. Flower consists of a 3m long corolla tube, opening into 1 cm long petals. Longer stamen filaments 2 cm long; shorter stamens fertile. Style is 3 cm long and smooth.
Medicinal uses: Traditional and therapeutic use is anti-inflammatory for insect bites, herpes simplex use by its fresh leaves, and roots for anti-inflammatory centipede bites.

kariyat medical plants in india

2009-10-27T22:06:00.000-07:00

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ative

Photo: Prashant Awale

Common name: Kariyat, Creat • Hindi: Kirayat, Kalpanath • Manipuri: ৱুবতী Vubati • Marathi: Oli-kiryata, Kalpa • Tamil: நீலவெம்பு Nilavembu • Malayalam: Nelavepu, Kiriyattu • Telugu: Nilavembu • Kannada: Nelaberu • Bengali: কলমেঘ Kalmegh • Oriya: Bhuinimba • Konkani: Vhadlem Kiratyem • Urdu: Naine-havandi • Assamese: কলমেঘ Kalmegh • Gujarati: Kariyatu • Sanskrit: Kalmegha, Bhunimba • Mizo: Hnakhapui
Botanical name: Andrographis paniculata Family: Acanthaceae (Ruellia family)
Synonyms: Justicia paniculata

Kariyat is an erect annual herb extremely bitter in taste in all parts of the plant. It grows erect to a height of 1-4 ft in moist shady places with smooth leaves and white flowers with rose-purple spots on the petals. Stem dark green, 0.3 - 1.0 m in height, 2-6 mm in diameter, quadrangular with longitudinal furrows and wings on the angles of the younger parts, slightly enlarged at the nodes; leaves glabrous, up to 8.0 cm long and 2.5 cm broad, lanceolate, pinnate; flowers small, in lax spreading axillary and terminal racemes or panicles; capsules linear-oblong, acute at both ends, 1.9 cm x 0.3 cm; seeds numerous, sub quadrate, yellowish brown.
Medicinal uses: Since ancient times, Kariyat is used as a wonder drug in traditional Siddha and Ayurvedic systems of medicine as well as in tribal medicine in India and some other countries for multiple clinical applications. The therapeutic value of Kalmegh is due to its mechanism of action which is perhaps by enzyme induction. The plant extract exhibits antityphoid and antifungal activities.

Identification credit: Prashant Awale

pandan/fragrant screw pine

2009-10-27T05:20:00.000-07:00

Pandan (Pandanus tectorius) Fragrant Screw Pine

The pandan tree grows as tall as 5 meters, with erect, small branches. Pandan is also known as Fragrant Screw Pine. Its trunk bears plenty of prop roots. Its leaves spirals the branches, and crowds at the end. Its male inflorescence emits a fragrant smell, and grows in length for up to 0.5 meters. The fruit of the pandan tree, which is usually about 20 centimeters long, are angular in shape, narrow in the end and the apex is truncate. It grows in the thickets lining the seashores of most places in the Philippines. In various parts of the world, the uses of this plant are very diverse. Some countries concentrate on the culinary uses of pandan, while others deeply rely on its medicinal values. For instance, many Asians regard this food as famine food. Others however mainly associate pandan with the flavoring and nice smell that it secretes. In the Philippines, pandan leaves are being cooked along with rice to incorporate the flavor and smell to it. As can be observed, the uses of the pandan tree are not limited to cooking uses. Its leaves and roots are found to have medicinal benefits. Such parts of the plant have been found to have essential oils, tannin, alkaloids and glycosides, which are the reasons for the effective treatment of various health concerns. It functions as a pain reliever, mostly for headaches and pain caused by arthritis, and even hangover. It can also be used as antiseptic and anti-bacterial, which makes it ideal for healing wounds. In the same manner, a preparation derived from the bark of this plant may be used to address skin problems. Many people have also discovered that it is an effective remedy for cough. In India, pandan leaves are being used to treat skin disorders like leprosy and smallpox. The bitter tasting quality of the leaves makes it ideal for health problems which include, but are not limited to, diabetes fever, ulcer and wounds. In Hawaii, pandan flowers are being chewed by mothers who later give the chewed flowers to their children, as laxative. The juice extracted from pounded roots of this tree is used and mixed with other ingredients to ease chest pains. Also, it is used as tonic for women who have just given birth and who are still in weak states. Pandan flowers have also been traced with characteristics that function as aphrodisiac. Pandan also manifests anti-cancer activities, and that is why modern researches in the United States have subjected this plant for further experiments and investigation.
Pandan Health Benefits: • Treats leprosy, smallpox and wounds. • Helps reduce fever • Solves several skin problems • Relives headache and arthritis • Treatment for ear pains • Functions as a laxative for children • Eases chest pains • Helps in speeding up the recuperation of women who have just given birth and are still weak • Pandan reduces stomach spasms and strengthens the gum.	Preparation & Use of Pandan: • Decoction of the bark may be taken as tea, or mixed with water that is to be used in bathing, in order to remedy skin problems, cough, and urine-related concerns. • Apply pulverized roots of pandan to affected wound areas to facilitate healing. • The anthers of the male flowers are used for earaches, headaches and stomach spasms. • Chew the roots to strengthen the gum. • Extract oils and juices from the roots and flowers are used in preparing the decoction to relieve pains brought about by headache and arthritis.

the list of philiipine herbal

2009-10-27T05:17:00.000-07:00

	These is the list of the ten (10) medicinal plants that the Philippine Department of Health (DOH) through its "Traditional Health Program" have endorsed. All ten (10) herbs have been thoroughly tested and have been clinically proven to have medicinal value in the relief and treatment of various aliments: 1. Akapulko (Cassia alata) - also known as "bayabas-bayabasan" and "ringworm bush" in English, this herbal medicine is used to treat ringworms and skin fungal infections. 2. Ampalaya (Momordica charantia) - known as "bitter gourd" or "bitter melon" in English, it most known as a treatment of diabetes (diabetes mellitus), for the non-insulin dependent patients. 3. Bawang (Allium sativum) - popularly known as "garlic", it mainly reduces cholesterol in the blood and hence, helps control blood pressure. 4. Bayabas (Psidium guajava) - "guava" in English. It is primarily used as an antiseptic, to disinfect wounds. Also, it can be used as a mouth wash to treat tooth decay and gum infection. 5. Lagundi (Vitex negundo) - known in English as the "5-leaved chaste tree". It's main use is for the relief of coughs and asthma. 6. Niyog-niyogan (Quisqualis indica L.) - is a vine known as "Chinese honey suckle". It is effective in the elimination of intestinal worms, particularly the Ascaris and Trichina. Only the dried matured seeds are medicinal -crack and ingest the dried seeds two hours after eating (5 to 7 seeds for children & 8 to 10 seeds for adults). If one dose does not eliminate the worms, wait a week before repeating the dose. 7. Sambong (Blumea balsamifera)- English name: Blumea camphora. A diuretic that helps in the excretion of urinary stones. It can also be used as an edema. 8. Tsaang Gubat (Ehretia microphylla Lam.) - Prepared like tea, this herbal medicine is effective in treating intestinal motility and also used as a mouth wash since the leaves of this shrub has high fluoride content. 9. Ulasimang Bato Pansit-Pansitan (Peperomia pellucida) - It is effective in fighting arthritis and gout. The leaves can be eaten fresh (about a cupful) as salad or like tea. For the decoction, boil a cup of clean chopped leaves in 2 cups of water. Boil for 15 to 20 minutes. Strain, let cool and drink a cup after meals (3 times day). 10. Yerba Buena (Clinopodium douglasii) - commonly known as Peppermint, this vine is used as an analgesic to relive body aches and pain. It can be taken internally as a decoction or externally by pounding the leaves and applied directly on the afflicted area. Tips on Handling Medicinal Plants / Herbs: • If possible, buy herbs that are grown organically - without pesticides. • Medicinal parts of plants are best harvested on sunny mornings. Avoid picking leaves, fruits or nuts during and after heavy rainfall. • Leaves, fruits, flowers or nuts must be mature before harvesting. Less medicinal substances are found on young parts. • After harvesting, if drying is required, it is advisable to dry the plant parts either in the oven or air-dried on screens above ground and never on concrete floors. • Store plant parts in sealed plastic bags or brown bottles in a cool dry place without sunlight preferably with a moisture absorbent material like charcoal. Leaves and other plant parts that are prepared properly, well-dried and stored can be used up to six months. Tips on Preparation for Intake of Herbal Medicines: • Use only half the dosage prescribed for fresh parts like leaves when using dried parts. • Do not use stainless steel utensils when boiling decoctions. Only use earthen, enamelled, glass or alike utensils. • As a rule of thumb, when boiling leaves and other plant parts, do not cover the pot, and boil in low flame. • Decoctions loose potency after some time. Dispose of decoctions after one day. To keep fresh during the day, keep lukewarm in a flask or thermos. • Always consult with a doctor if symptoms persist or if any sign of allergic reaction develops.

ginger/luyang dilaw

2009-10-27T05:15:00.000-07:00

Luyang Dilaw - Ginger (Zingiber officinale)

Luyang Dilaw, or Ginger Root (scientific name: Zingiber officinale) belongs to the family of, as its scientific name signifies, Zingiberaceae. The rootstocks of this erect, smooth plant are thick, and have strong aromatic qualities. Its edible roots, tops, and even its leaves are found to have medicinal value. Luyang Dilaw has long been used as a cold, cough, fever, and sore throat remedy. Ginger helps in the digestion and absorption of food, lowering of cholesterol, alleviating nausea and vomiting. Luyang dilaw has antifungal, antiseptic, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties as well. In the same way, it has been found to contain potent anti-oxidant qualities, which come from the extract and active constituents of the plant. These uses are separate and distinct from the nutritional value of luyang dilaw. The rhizomes of luyang dilaw is mainly associated as the main ingredient in a very popular local beverage, which is salabat. Recent studies have shown that luyang dilaw had been found with traces of antiemetic properties. Thus, it is now being recommended to be taken half an hour before one’s travel to avoid being travelsick and experience nausea during the voyage. Pregnant women should take precautionary measures in taking luyang dilaw for medicinal purposes although it has been proven that none of the plant’s substances triggers adverse side effects, even when it interacts with other drugs. This herbal plant is not recommended for expectant mothers for the very reason that there is a possibility of inhibition of testosterones that binds the fetus, as a result of some of the properties that luyang dilaw contains.
Medicinal Benefits of Luyang Dilao (Ginger Root): • Relieves rheumatic pains & muscle pains • Alleviates sore throat, fever and colds • Ease nausea and vomiting • Intestinal disorders and slow digestion • Relief from tympanism and flatulence • Treat intestinal worms • Hinder diarrhea, gas pains • Relieve indigestion (dyspepsia), toothaches • Lower cholesterol levels • Aids treatment of tuberculosis	Preparation & Use: • Boil the ginger root in water and drink. The more concentrated the better. • For sore throat and tooth ache, remove the skin and chew small portions. • For cuts & bruises, apply the juice of luyang-dilao directly to the skin or use dried rhizomes with 70% alcohol then apply to afflicted areas. • For rheumatism and muscle pains, pound roasted or fresh ginger and apply to painful areas -can be mixed with oil for easy application.

the function of garlic

2009-10-27T05:13:00.000-07:00

Bawang, Bauang \| Garlic (Allium sativum)

Bawang or Garlic with scientific name Allium sativum, is a low herb, which only grows up to sixty centimeters high. This herb is one of the most widely used herbal medicines in the Philippines and can also be found commonly in the kitchen of Filipino households as it is used to spice up food preparations. The Philippine bawang or garlic variety is more pungent than the imported ones. Its medicinal properties have been known for a long time and have been especially proven during World War II when it was used to treat wounds and infections of soldiers. Garlic’s antibacterial compound known as allicin, saved many lives of the soldiers as this property prevented the wounds from being infected and developing into gangrene at a later stage by extracting the juice of bawang or garlic and applying to the wounds. Bawang, sometimes spelled as bauang or in English, garlic is known as nature's antibiotic. Its juices inhibit the growth of fungi and viruses thus, prevent viral, yeast, and infections. The preliminary test conducted on this medicinal herb showed some positive results in the treatment of AIDS. Several clinical tests that followed and published studies have shown the efficacy of garlic in lowering cholesterol in the blood and is beneficial to the circulatory system of the body. Today, as more research is done on garlic, more medicinal and therapeutic properties become more evident. As of the present time, lowering of the blood pressure, reduction of platelet aggregation, and the boosting of fibrinolytic activities are among the list of herbal functions of garlic, which is supported by medical findings. Although more clinical studies are needed to support the contention stronger, marked improvements in benign breast diseases have been traced to make progress because of the regular intake of supplements, of which the primary ingredient is garlic. Although controlled trials in terms of anti-cancer activities of garlic have been performed in medical research, it has been proven through population-based studies that substances contain in garlic help in reducing the risk of some types of cancer. These would include colorectal malignancies, and gastric cancer. Regular consumption of raw garlic has been proven to aid in many bleeding cases, especially those cases that are associated with procedures in surgeries and dental activities. All these considered, it appears that garlic have no concrete scientific basis to claim a significant effect in the level of glucose in our blood. It is remarkable to note though that the Philippine Department of Health has endorsed garlic as one of the top ten Philippine herbs with therapeutic value and the department recommends its use as an alternative herbal medicine in view of the positive results of thorough research and testing, which had been conducted on this herbal plant. Juice extracted from garlic bulbs can be used as tick and mosquito repellant when applied to skin. Bad breath, due to the strong odor of garlic, is the most common side effect of taking this herb. Fresh garlic applications to the skin have been reported to cause skin burns and rashes. This goes true both for those who are in the initial stages of their garlic therapies, and those who consume it as an ingredient in food preparations.
Health Benefits of Bawang-Garlic: • Good for the heart • Helps lower bad cholesterol levels (LDL) • Aids in lowering blood pressure • Remedy for arteriosclerosis • May help prevent certain types of cancer • Boosts immune system to fight infection • With antioxidant properties • Cough and cold remedy • Relives sore throat, toothache • Aids in the treatment of tuberculosis • Helps relieve rheumatism pain • With anticoagulant properties	Preparation of Bawang-Garlic: • For disinfecting wound, crush and juice the garlic bulb and apply. You may cover the afflicted area with a gauze and bandage. • For sore throat and toothache, peal the skin and chew. Swallow the juice. • Cloves of garlic may be crushed and applied to affected areas to reduce the pain caused by arthritis, toothache, headache, and rheumatism. • Decoction of the bawang bulbs and leaves are used as treatment for fever. • For nasal congestion, steam and inhale: vinegar, chopped garlic, and water.

philipine's herbal

2009-10-27T05:10:00.000-07:00

Herbal Medicine: Ampalaya (Momordica charantia)

Ampalaya (Bitter Melon) with a scientific name Momordica charantia, is a climbing vine and the tendrils of which grow up to 20 centimeters long. This herbal plant belongs to the family of Cucurbitaceae, and it is a tropical as well as a subtropical vine. Ampalaya leaves are heart-shaped, which are 5 to 10 centimeters in diameter. The fruits of the ampalaya vine are fleshy green with pointed ends at length. It can never be mistaken for any other variety because its ribbed and wrinkled surface had always been ampalaya’s distinct physical structure. The bitter taste of the ampalaya fruit had also been the distinguishing factor from the rest of the fruits with medicinal value, and this is due to the presence of a substance known as momorcidin. Ampalaya has been a folkloric cure for generations but has now been proven to be an effective herbal medicine for many aliments. Most significant of which is for Diabetes. Ampalaya contains a mixture of flavanoids and alkaloids make the Pancreas produce more insulin that controls the blood sugar in diabetics. Aside from Ampalaya's medicinal value, it is good source of vitamins A, B and C, iron, folic acid, phosphorous and calcium. The effectively of Ampalaya as an herbal medicine has been tried and tested by many research clinics and laboratories worldwide. In the Philippines, the Department of Health has endorsed Ampalaya as an alternative medicine to help alleviate various ailments including diabetes, liver problems and even HIV. Aside from these, ampalaya also helps treat skin diseases and cough. Its herbal value extends to increasing the sterility of women, in parasiticide, antipyretic, and has purgative functions, as well. Note: In large dozes, pure Ampalaya juice can be a purgative and abortifacient.
Herbal Benefits of Ampalaya: • Good for rheumatism and gout • And diseases of the spleen and liver • Aids in lowering blood sugar levels • Helps in lowering blood pressure • Relives headaches • Disinfects and heals wounds & burns • Can be used as a cough & fever remedy • Treatment of intestinal worms, diarrhea • Helps prevent some types of cancer • Enhances immune system to fight infection • For treatment of hemorrhoids • Is an antioxidant and parasiticide • Is antibacterial and antipyretic	Preparation & Use of Ampalaya: • For coughs, fever, worms, diarrhea, diabetes, juice Ampalaya leaves and drink a spoonful daily. • For other ailments, the fruit and leaves can both be juiced and taken orally. • For headaches wounds, burns and skin diseases, apply warmed leaves to afflicted area. • Powdered leaves, and the root decoction, may be used as stringent and applied to treat hemorrhoids. • Internal parasites are proven to be expelled when the ampalaya juice, made from its leaves, is extracted. The ampalaya juice, and grounded seeds is to be taken one spoonful thrice a day, which also treats diarrhea, dysentery, and chronic colitis.

philipne herbal medicine

2009-10-27T05:05:00.000-07:00

Banaba (Lagerstroemia speciosa)

Banaba, the scientific name of which is Lagerstroemia speciosa, is a tropical flowery tree. It grows to a height as high as 20 meters. Its leaves are large, and ranges from the shape of elliptical-ovate to oblong. These leaves are shed by the plant during the first months of the year, and are bright orange or red during these times. Various research on Banaba conducted in Japan prove true the belief that this plant contains high levels of corosilic acid, a substance known as one of the many treatments for diabetes mellitus. Besides its medicinal value, banaba is also cultivated and known for its beautiful flowers. Banaba has been used in Filipino folkloric herbal medicine for the treatment of diabetes for centuries. It is now gaining popularity and getting recognition as a herbal medicine not only in the Philippines but worldwide. Banaba is also known as Queen's Flower, Crepe Myrtle and the Pride of India. In India, Banaba has also been used to cure diabetes in Ayurvedic medicine for a long time. Recent studies and laboratory test showed that it's active ingredient, corosolic acid is a potent compound that has insulin like effect to lower glucose in the body and is effective in treating diabetes. Banaba is rapidly becoming known as a natural plant insulin, and what makes it ideal is that, the herbal preparation may also be taken orally, without any risk of adverse side effects. However, caution is advised against taking Banaba with any diabetic drug or any other drug simultaneously. Always consult with a qualified physician or a medical practitioner before taking any medication or any herbal medicine for a correct dose. Also, extra precaution is highly recommended as initial findings show that Banaba extract may delay and reduce the absorption of carbohydrates in the body and promote weight loss, despite its useful medicinal value. Other studies that were focused on this plant showed other potential medicinal benefits. These include antibacterial functions of seed extracts from this plant, and a water extract of the same manifest anti-oxidative functions. Another is the significant protection that Banaba seems to exhibit to treat HIV-infected cells. This is brought about by its ellagic acid constituents. Aside from the medicinal value of Banaba, as a herbal medicine, it is also good for the health. Banaba contains high concentrations of dietary fiber and minerals such as zinc and magnesium. The leaves can be boiled and taken daily as tea.
Benefits and Treatment of Banaba: • Diabetes • Fights obesity • Helps regulate blood pressure • Good for the kidneys • Aids the digestive system • Helps ease urination	Banaba Preparation & Use: Note: Fresh leaves, dried leaves, flowers, ripe fruit, root and bark of Banaba can all be used. • Wash the leaves in running water (if fresh). Cut into smaller pieces if desired. • Boil Banaba (one cup Banaba to cup of water) for 30 minutes. Drink like tea.

kinds of mushroom

2009-10-26T22:15:00.000-07:00

Species

[edit] Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma tsugae (Reishi/Lingzhi)

Ganoderma lucidum

Ganoderma tsugae

Língzhī (Reishi Young-Ji, 灵芝, 영지) Chinese for "spirit plant" is the name for the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. Several species of Ganoderma have been used in traditional Asian medicines for thousands of years. The medicinal effects of the mushroom are thought to be due to triterpenes like ganoderic acid, as well as beta-glucan compounds. The health benefits of reishi are described in Shen Nong's Herbal Classic and Pen T'sao Kang Mu ("Great Pharmacopoeia"). The Reishi mushroom is a symbol for health, and is depicted in the Emperor's residences in the Forbidden City as well as the Summer Palace. The Chinese goddess of healing Kuan Yin is sometimes depicted holding a Reishi mushroom. Modern scientific research examining the Ganoderma mushrooms has revealed a variety of potential health benefits:

anti-cancer properties^[35]^[36]
immune system up-regulation^[37]^[38]
antioxidant activity^[39]^[40]
liver-protecting properties^[41]^[42]
hypoglycemic properties^[43]^[44]
antibacterial properties,^[45] antiviral properties,^[46]^[47] and antifungal properties^[48]
inhibiting synthesis of cholesterol,^[49] as well as reducing blood cholesterol^[50]
reducing radiation-induced damage^[51]
reducing lower urinary tract symptoms^[52]
increasing exercise endurance^[53]
inhibitory effect on high blood pressure, due to ACE inhibitor properties.^[54]
inhibitory effects on angiogenesis (via inhibition of VEGF),^[55] blood platelet creation,^[56] and fibrosis.^[57]

[edit] Trametes versicolor (Coriolus versicolor)

Trametes versicolor

Main article: Polysaccharide-K

Trametes versicolor (Coriolus versicolor, Turkey tail, Kawaratake, Yun-Zhi, 云芝) is probably the best documented medicinal mushroom. It is a mushroom which has provided the world with a leading cancer drug. The drug is known as Polysaccharide-K (Kresin, PSK, PSP) and its use is intended to counter-act the immune system depressing actions of common chemotherapeutic drugs. In Japan, the Health and Welfare Ministry (equivalent to the United State's Food and Drug Administration) approved Polysaccharide-K in the 1980s.^[58] All health care plans in Japan cover the use of Polysaccharide-K.

Used in conjunction with chemotherapy, PSK has increased the survival time of cancer patients in randomized, control studies, with the following types of cancer^[59]

The United State's top ranked^[63] cancer hospital, the MD Anderson has reported that, Polysaccharide-K is a "promising candidate for chemoprevention due to the multiple effects on the malignant process, limited side effects and safety of daily oral doses for extended periods of time."^[64]

[edit] Grifola frondosa (Maitake)

Grifola frondosa

Maitake (Hen of the Woods) is an edible mushroom commonly found on oak trees. This year, a phase I/II human trial, conducted by Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, showed Maitake could stimulate the immune systems of breast cancer patients.^[10] Small experiments with human cancer patients, have shown Maitake can stimulate immune system cells, like NK cells.^[65]^[66] In vitro research has also shown Maitake can stimulate immune system cells.^[67] An in vivo experiment showed that Maitake could stimulate both the innate immune system and adaptive immune system.^[68]

In vitro research has shown Maitake can induce apoptosis in cancer cell lines (human prostatic cancer cells, Hep 3B cells, SGC-7901 cells, murine skin carcinoma cells)^[69]^[70]^[71]^[72] as well as inhibit the growth of various types of cancer cells (canine cancer cells, bladder cancer cells).^[73]^[74]^[75] Small studies with human cancer patients, revealed a portion of the Maitake mushroom, known as the "Maitake D-fraction", possess anti-cancer activity.^[76]^[77] In vitro research demonstrated the mushroom has potential anti-metastatic properties.^[78] In 1997, the FDA approved an Investigational New Drug Application for a portion of the mushroom.^[79]

Research has shown Maitake has a hypoglycemic effect, and may be beneficial for the management of diabetes.^[80]^[81]^[82]^[83]^[84]^[85] The reason Maitake lowers blood sugar is due to the fact the mushroom naturally contains a alpha glucosidase inhibitor.^[86]

Maitake contains antioxidants and may partially inhibit the enzyme cyclooxygenase (the same enzyme which is the target of Advil, Tylenol, and other NSAIDS).^[87] An experiment showed that an exact of Maitake inhibited angiogenesis via inhibition of the growth factor VEGF.^[88]

[edit] Agaricus subrufescens (Agaricus blazei)

Agaricus blazei

Agaricus blazei (Agaricus brasiliensis, Himematsutake, 姫松茸) is a species of mushroom, that research has shown can stimulate the immune system and exhibit anti-cancer activity. These effects are thought to be due to the mushroom's high concentration of low molecular weight polysaccharides. Unlike some other medicinal mushrooms, Agaricus blazei was not cultivated in the East until fairly recently. This mushroom was imported to Japan from Brazil and cultivated in the 1970s. In Japan, Agaricus blazei is a highly popular alternative medicine, which is used by close to 500,000 people.^[89]

Research into potential anti-cancer properties

Experimental Model	Experimental Effect (in vitro)	Experimental Effect (in vivo, mouse models)
Colon cancer		No effect^[90]
Fibrosarcoma	Inhibited growth via apoptosis induction (MethA tumor cells)^[91]	Inhibited growth^[91]
Hepatocarcinoma	Inhibited abnormal collagen formation (human hepatocarcinoma cells)^[92]
Leukaemia	Induced apoptosis (human myeloid leukemia cells)^[93] (U937 cells)^[94] (HL-60 cells)^[95]	Inhibited growth^[93]^[96]
Lung cancer	Induced apoptosis (human LU99 cancer cells)^[97]	Inhibited metastasis, growth^[98]
Myeloma		Inhibited growth^[99]
Ovarian cancer	Inhibited growth and metastasis via apoptosis induction (human ovarian cancer HRA cells)^[98]	Inhibited metastasis, growth^[98]
Prostate cancer	Induced apoptosis (human PC3 cells)^[100]	Inhibited growth^[100]
Sarcoma		Inhibited angiogenesis^[101]^[89]^[102]
Skin cancer		Inhibited growth[4]
Stomach cancer	Induced apoptosis (KATO III cells)^[97]

A human study of 100 gynecological cancer patients revealed Agaricus blazei consumption resulted in a significantly higher level of NK cell activity with a reduction in chemotherapy associated side effects.^[103]

Research into effect on immune system cells, cytokines, and proteins
In addition, cellular and animal model experiments have shown that Agaricus blazei may stimulate immune system cytokines as shown in the table below.

Immune system protein	Experimental effect on production (in vitro)	Experimental effect on production (in vivo)
Interferon alpha and Interferon beta		Up-regulated^[104]
Interferon-γ	Up-regulated^[105]	Up-regulated^[105]
Interleukin 1	Up-regulated^[106]
Interleukin-1β and Interleukin-8	Up-regulated^[107]
Interleukin-2 and Interleukin-4	Down-regulated^[108]^[109]	Down-regulated^[108]
Interleukin 6		Up-regulated^[108]
Interleukin 12	Up-regulated^[110]	Up-regulated^[105]
Interleukin 18		Up-regulated^[111]
TNF-α	Up-regulated^[112]	Up-regulated^[106]
TLR2	Up-regulated^[107]
CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL3	Up-regulated^[107]
RGS1	Up-regulated^[107]
Integrin alpha M	Up-regulated^[106]
L-selectin	Down-regulated^[106]
CD80 and CD86	Up-regulated^[113]

Additional research suggests, Agaricus blazei has a beneficial effect on cellular health,^[114]^[115] blood glucose^[116]^[117]^[118]^[119] , cholesterol,^[116]^[116] inhibiting angiogenesis^[102]^[120] (via inhibition of VEGF) and inhibiting pathogenic factors.^[121]^[122]^[123]^[124] This mushroom also contains antioxidants.^[125]

[edit] Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster mushroom)

Pleurotus ostreatus

The Oyster mushroom (Hiratake, píng gū, 平菇) is a natural source of the statin drug Lovastatin^[3] (brand name: Mevacor, Altoprev), a drug used to lower cholesterol. Tests have shown the oyster mushroom contains up to 2.8% Lovastatin on a dry weight basis.^[126] Animal research has demonstrated that oyster mushroom consumption lowers cholesterol levels.^[127]^[128]^[129]^[130]^[131]^[132]^[133]^[134]^[135]^[136]^[137]^[138]^[139]^[140] Research has also shown the oyster mushroom has anti-cancer properties. An in vivo experiment showed a beta-glucan isolated from the mushroom reduced colon cancer growths and increased antioxidant activities in rats.^[141] An in vivo experiment, demonstrated the mushroom's anti-cancer activity in rats with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine induced cancer.^[142]

[edit] Agaricus bisporus (Common mushroom)

Agaricus bisporus

The Common mushroom is the world's most popular edible mushroom, and is known by a large number of other names. Research at the City of Hope National Medical Center is studying whether this mushroom may inhibit breast cancer development.^[8] The reason mushrooms may reduce the risk of breast cancer, is because immunoassays have shown the mushroom can inhibit the enzyme aromatase which is used by the body to create estrogen.^[18]^[19] In 2009, a case control study examined the diets of 2018 women, half of whom had been diagnosed with breast cancer. It found a statistically significant decrease of incidence of the disease in those women whose diets included more than 10 grams of fresh mushrooms per day (or the dry equivalent). ^[143]^[144] A similar case control study with 362 Korean women, found another strong association between mushroom consumption and decreased risk of breast cancer.^[145]

In vivo research has shown the table mushroom may be able to stimulate the immune system. In one study, the mushroom was found to enhance dendritic cell function.^[146]^[147] In vitro testing has shown a compound present in the table mushroom has anti-cancer properties, inhibiting the growth of HT29 colon cancer cells, Caco-2 colon cancer cells, MCF-7 breast cancer cells, and Rama-27 rat mammary fibroblasts.^[148] Agaricus bisporus, is a rare vegetable source of conjugated linoleic acid,^[149] and naturally possess antioxidants,^[150] like ergothioneine.^[151]

[edit] Lentinula edodes (Shiitake)

Lentinula edodes

Shiitake (椎茸, 香菇, 표고) is a popular culinary mushroom used in dishes around the world. Research has demonstrated the Shiitake mushroom

Stimulates the immune system^[152]
Contains a cholesterol lowering compound known as eritadenine.^[153]
Possesses anti-bacterial properties^[154]^[155]^[156]
Possesses anti-viral properties^[152]^[157] (against HIV^[29]^[30]^[31] and HSV-1^[28]) (contains a proteinase inhibitor^[32])
Reduces platelet aggregation^[158]

Active Hexose Correlated Compound (AHCC) is an α-glucan rich compound isolated from Shiitake.^[159] AHCC is a well tolerated compound^[160] that possess antioxidant activity^[161]^[162], and is metabolized via the CYP450 2D6 pathway.^[163] Research has indicated AHCC possesses the following activity.

Increasing resistance to pathogens in vivo (influenza virus)^[164] (west nile encephalitis)^[165] (bacterial infection)^[166] (various infectious agents)^[167] (bacterial infection)^[168] (influenza virus)^[169]
Producing an anti-cancer effect (269 human hepatocellular carcinoma patients)^[170] (1 patient case study)^[171] (44 hepatocellular carcinoma patients)^[172]
Enhancing immune function^[173]^[174] (double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 21 people)^[175]

Lentinan, a compound isolated from Shiitake, is used as an intravenous anti-cancer agent in some countries.^[176] Lentinan was developed by the Japanese pharmaceutical company Ajinomoto, and designed to treat cancers of the stomach.[5] Studies have demonstrated lentinan, possesses anti-tumor properties,^[177] and human clinical studies have associated lentinan with a higher survival rate, higher quality of life, and lower re-occurrence of cancer. Clinical research with lentinan includes studies with, 78 hepatocellular carcinoma patients^[178] 32 gastric cancer patients,^[179] a multi-institutional study of lentinan and gastric cancer,^[180] a meta-analysis of lentinan and gastric cancer,^[181] 80 colorectal cancer patients,^[182] 20 gastric cancer patients,^[183] 36 hepatocellular carcinoma patients,^[184] and 29 pancreatic cancer patients.^[185] The City of Hope National Medical Center is currently conducting clinical trials to determine if a select portion of the Shiitake mushroom, which includes lentinan, can inhibit lung cancer.^[9]

[edit] Hericium erinaceus

Hericium erinaceus

Hericium erinaceus (Lion's Mane Mushroom, Yamabushitake, 山伏茸, 猴头菇) has been researched for possible anti-dementia activity. Primary research has demonstrated the following:

Stimulated animal nerve cells.^[186]
A double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial showed improved cognitive ability.^[187]
Stimulated nerve growth factor in an in vitro experiment with human astrocytoma cells.^[188]
Stiumlated myelination in an in vitro experiment.^[189]

[edit] Flammulina velutipes (Enokitake)

Flammulina velutipes

Enokitake (えのき茸, 팽이버섯) are long, thin white mushrooms commonly used in Asian cuisines. Enokitake mushrooms contain compounds with anti-tumor activity and epidemiological studies in Japan have associated the mushroom with lower cancer rates.^[190] In addition these mushrooms contain the antioxidant ergothioneine.^[191] In vivo research showed that Proflamin, a compound isolated from Enokitake provided an 85% longer survival time in mice with cancer.^[192] Another in vivo study showed that Enokitake demonstrated anti-cancer activity in Swiss albino mice with Sarcoma 180.^[193]

[edit] Inonotus obliquus (Chaga mushroom)

Inonotus obliquus

The Chaga mushroom (Kabanoanatake) has anti-cancer properties and may be able to stimulate the immune system.^[194]^[195]^[196] In one experiment, mice implanted with B16F10-melanoma, showed a 4.07-fold increase in survival rate when given a compound isolated from the Chaga mushroom.^[197] The Chaga mushroom contains betulin and inotodiol, two compounds which have demonstrated ability to induce apoptosis of certain cancer cell lines (mouse leukemia P388 cells, Jurkat cells).^[198]^[199] Researchers have noted the Chaga mushroom has potent antioxidant activity,^[200]^[201]^[202] anti-inflammatory properties^[203]^[204] and may be able to lower blood sugar levels.^[194] For centuries, Chaga mushrooms have been used in Russia for medicinal purposes.[6]

[edit] Sparassis crispa

Sparassis crispa

Sparassis crispa (Cauliflower mushroom, Hanabiratake) has been found to contain compounds which stimulate the immune system and posses anti-cancer properties.^[205] In vivo research showed a compound contained in the mushroom inhibited solid Sarcoma 180 tumors in mice.^[206] One in vitro experiment with human blood cells noted an extract of the mushroom could stimulated IL-8 production.^[207] An in vivo experiment with leukopenic mice, noted that a beta-glucan isolated from the mushroom stimulated white blood cell production.^[208]

[edit] Pleurotus eryngii

Pleurotus eryngii

Pleurotus eryngii (King oyster mushroom, 杏鮑菇, エリンギ) is an edible mushroom. In vitro research has demonstrated the King Oyster mushroom naturally contains chemicals which may stimulate the immune system.^[209]

[edit] Piptoporus betulinus

Piptoporus betulinus

Piptoporus betulinus (Birch bracket mushroom, Kanbatake) may posses anti-cancer properties (due to the mushroom's ability to inhibit matrix metalloproteinase enzymes),^[210] anti-inflammatory properties,^[211]^[212] anti-bacterial properties,^[213] and anti-viral properties.^[214] Ötzi the Iceman, a mummified human from 3300 BC, was found carrying Piptoporus betulinus wrapped in a leather string.[7] Some scientists have speculated it was used medicinally, due to the fact the mummy was found to have intestinal parasites, including whipworm.

[edit] Agrocybe aegerita

Agrocybe aegerita

Agrocybe aegerita (Chestnut mushroom, Velvet pioppino, Agrocybe cylindracea, Yanagimatsutake, Zhuzhuang-tiantougu) possess anti-cancer properties,^[215] hypoglycemic properties,^[216] antioxidant compounds,^[217] as well as compounds with inhibitory properties against the enzyme cyclooxygenase (the same enzyme which is the target of Advil, Tylenol, and other NSAIDS).^[218]

[edit] Fomes fomentarius

Fomes fomentarius (Tinder conk mushroom, Tsuriganetabe) contains compounds with anti-cancer activity.^[219]

[edit] Cordyceps

Cordyceps

Cordyceps (Caterpillar fungus, Tochukasu) are a parasitic fungi which grow out of insects it has infected. The fungus remains essentially dormant until the caterpillar dies; the fungus then replaces the caterpillar's body with its own material and grows its stalk upward and above-ground. The mushroom has a long history in traditional Chinese medicine as well as traditional Tibetan medicine.^[220] In Tibet Cordyceps is a cash crop with an ever increasing value.^[221] During the Nepalese Civil War fractions fought for control of the Cordyceps trade.^[222]

The popularity of this fungus caught the world's attention due to three female Chinese athletes, Wang Junxia, Qu Yunxia, and Zhang Linli who set 5 new world records for 1,500, 3,000 and 10,000 meters in 1993 at the National Games in Beijing, China. The amount of new world records being set at a single track event caused much attention. Following the races, the women were expected by some, to fail drug tests for anabolic steroids. However, the athletes tests revealed no illegal substances, and coach Ma Junren told reporters the secret was that the runners were taking Cordyceps at his request. Modern research has indicated the mushroom has

Hypoglycemic activity^[223]^[224]^[225]^[226]^[227]
Cellular health properties^[228]^[229]
Possible anti-depressent activity^[230]

[edit] Phellinus linteus

Extracts from Phellinus linteus (Mesima, Meshimakobu, Song-gen, Sang-hwang) have been used for centuries in traditional Korean medicine. A paper published by Harvard Medical School, reported that Phellinus linteus is a promising anti-cancer agent. However the paper states more research is needed to understand the mechanisms behind Phellinus linteus.^[231] In vitro research published by the British Journal of Cancer, demonstrated one anti-cancer mechanism behind Phellinus linteus. It was found that the mushroom inhibited the growth of breast cancer cells by way of inhibiting the enzyme AKT, as well as inhibiting angiogenesis.[8]

medinical mushroom

2009-10-26T22:13:00.000-07:00

Medicinal mushrooms

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Many species of medicinal mushrooms have been used in folk medicine for thousands of years. The use of medicinal mushrooms in folk medicine, is best documented in the East. Medicinal mushrooms are now the subject of study for many ethnobotanists and medical researchers. The ability of some mushrooms to inhibit tumor growth and enhance aspects of the immune system has been a subject of research for approximately 50 years.^[1] In the span of this time, preclinical studies have shown 200 species of mushrooms that demonstrated the ability to markedly inhibit the growth of different kinds of tumors,^[2] however dosage and effects on humans is mostly unknown. More extensive information regarding the toxicology of some medicinal mushrooms is also needed.

International mushroom research continues today, with a focus on mushroom's that may have hypoglycemic activity, anti-cancer activity, anti-pathogenic activity, and immune system enhancing activity. Recent research has found that the oyster mushroom naturally contains the cholesterol drug lovastatin,^[3] mushrooms produce large amounts of vitamin D when exposed to UV light,^[4] and that certain fungi may be a future source of taxol.^[5] In the past, research conducted with fungi has led to the discovery of penicillin, lovastatin, ciclosporin, griseofulvin, cephalosporin, and ergometrine.

Collection of medicinal mushrooms including Enoki, King Oyster mushrooms, and Shiitake.

[hide]

biological plants

2009-10-26T22:10:00.000-07:00

Biological background

The anthocyanins in sweet violets produce deep red, violet and blue shades.

The carotenoids in primrose produce bright red, yellow and orange shades.

All plants produce chemical compounds as part of their normal metabolic activities. These include primary metabolites, such as sugars and fats, found in all plants, and secondary metabolites found in a smaller range of plants, some useful ones found only in a particular genus or species. Pigments harvest light, protect the organism from radiation and display colors to attract pollinators. Many common weeds have medicinal properties.^[40]^[41]

The functions of secondary metabolites are varied. For example, some secondary metabolites are toxins used to deter predation, and others are pheromones used to attract insects for pollination. Phytoalexins protect against bacterial and fungal attacks. Allelochemicals inhibit rival plants that are competing for soil and light.

Plants upregulate and downregulate their biochemical paths in response to the local mix of herbivores, pollinators and microorganisms.^[42] The chemical profile of a single plant may vary over time as it reacts to changing conditions. It is the secondary metabolites and pigments that can have therapeutic actions in humans and which can be refined to produce drugs.

Plants synthesize a bewildering variety of phytochemicals but most are derivatives of a few biochemical motifs.

Alkaloids contain a ring with nitrogen. Many alkaloids have dramatic effects on the central nervous system. Caffeine is an alkaloid that provides a mild lift but the alkaloids in datura cause severe intoxication and even death.
Phenolics contain phenol rings. The anthocyanins that give grapes their purple color, the isoflavones, the phytoestrogens from soy and the tannins that give tea its astringency are phenolics.
Terpenoids are built up from terpene building blocks. Each terpene consists of two paired isoprenes. The names monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes and triterpenes are based on the number of isoprene units. The fragrance of rose and lavender is due to monoterpenes. The carotenoids produce the reds, yellows and oranges of pumpkin, corn and tomatoes.
Glycosides consist of a glucose moiety attached to an aglycone. The aglycone is a molecule that is bioactive in its free form but inert until the glycoside bond is broken by water or enzymes. This mechanism allows the plant to defer the availability of the molecule to an appropriate time, similar to a safety lock on a gun. An example is the cyanoglycosides in cherry pits that release toxins only when bitten by a herbivore.

The word drug itself comes from the Dutch word "druug" (via the French word Drogue), which means 'dried plant'. Some examples are inulin from the roots of dahlias, quinine from the cinchona, morphine and codeine from the poppy, and digoxin from the foxglove.

The active ingredient in willow bark, once prescribed by Hippocrates, is salicin, which is converted in the body into salicylic acid. The discovery of salicylic acid would eventually lead to the development of the acetylated form acetylsalicylic acid, also known as "aspirin", when it was isolated from a plant known as meadowsweet. The word aspirin comes from an abbreviation of meadowsweet's Latin genus Spiraea, with an additional "A" at the beginning to acknowledge acetylation, and "in" was added at the end for easier pronunciation.^[43] "Aspirin" was originally a brand name, and is still a protected trademark in some countries. This medication was patented by Bayer AG.

[edit] Herbal philosophy

Rosemary

Since herbalism is such a diverse field, few generalizations apply universally. Nevertheless a rough consensus can be inferred.

Most herbalists concede that pharmaceuticals are more effective in emergency situations where time is of the essence. An example would be where a patient had elevated blood pressure that posed imminent danger. However they claim that over the long term herbs can help the patient resist disease, and that in addition, they provide nutritional and immunological support that pharmaceuticals lack. They view their goal as prevention as well as cure.

Herbalists tend to use extracts from parts of plants, such as the roots or leaves but not isolate particular phytochemicals.^[44] Pharmaceutical medicine prefers single ingredients on the grounds that dosage can be more easily quantified. Herbalists reject the notion of a single active ingredient. They argue that the different phytochemicals present in many herbs will interact to enhance the therapeutic effects of the herb and dilute toxicity.^[45] Furthermore, they argue that a single ingredient may contribute to multiple effects. Herbalists deny that herbal synergism can be duplicated with synthetic chemicals. They argue that phytochemical interactions and trace components may alter the drug response in ways that cannot currently be replicated with a combination of a few putative active ingredients.^[46]^[47] Pharmaceutical researchers recognize the concept of drug synergism but note that clinical trials may be used to investigate the efficacy of a particular herbal preparation, provided the formulation of that herb is consistent.^[48]

Thai chili peppers contain capsaicin

In specific cases the claims of synergy^[49] and multifunctionality^[50] have been supported by science. The open question is how widely both can be generalized. Herbalists would argue that cases of synergy can be widely generalized, on the basis of their interpretation of evolutionary history, not necessarily shared by the pharmaceutical community. Plants are subject to similar selection pressures as humans and therefore they must develop resistance to threats such as radiation, reactive oxygen species and microbial attack in order to survive.^[51] Optimal chemical defenses have been selected for and have thus developed over millions of years.^[52] Human diseases are multifactorial and may be treated by consuming the chemical defences that they believe to be present in herbs. Bacteria, inflammation, nutrition and ROS (reactive oxygen species) may all play a role in arterial disease.^[53] Herbalists claim a single herb may simultaneously address several of these factors. Likewise a factor such as ROS may underly more than one condition.^[54] In short herbalists view their field as the study of a web of relationships rather than a quest for single cause and a single cure for a single condition.

In selecting herbal treatments herbalists may use forms of information that are not applicable to pharmacists. Because herbs can moonlight as vegetables, teas or spices they have a huge consumer base and large-scale epidemiological studies become feasible. Ethnobotanical studies are another source of information. ^[55] For example, when indigenous peoples from geographically dispersed areas use closely related herbs for the same purpose that is taken as supporting evidence for its efficacy.^{[citation needed]} Herbalists contend that historical medical records and herbals are underutilized resources.^[56] They favor the use of convergent information in assessing the medical value of plants. An example would be when in-vitro activity is consistent with traditional use.

Certain strains of herbalism rely on sources that would be widely considered unreliable and would not be accepted in a scientifically oriented herbal journal. These include astrology, the Bible, intuition, dreams, “plant spirits”, etc.

[edit] Popularity

A survey released in May 2004 by the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine focused on who used complementary and alternative medicines (CAM), what was used, and why it was used. The survey was limited to adults, aged 18 years and over during 2002, living in the United States.

According to this survey, herbal therapy, or use of natural products other than vitamins and minerals, was the most commonly used CAM therapy (18.9%) when all use of prayer was excluded.^[57]^[58]

Herbal remedies are very common in Europe. In Germany, herbal medications are dispensed by apothecaries (e.g., Apotheke). Prescription drugs are sold alongside essential oils, herbal extracts, or herbal teas. Herbal remedies are seen by some as a treatment to be preferred to chemical medications which have been industrially produced.^[59]

In the United Kingdom, the training of medical herbalists is done by state funded Universities. For example, Bachelor of Science degrees in herbal medicine are offered at Universities such as University of East London, Middlesex University, University of Central Lancashire, University of Westminster, University of Lincoln and Napier University in Edinburgh at the present.

[edit] Types of herbal medicine systems

Dioscorides’ Materia Medica, c. 1334 copy in Arabic, describes medicinal features of cumin and dill.

Use of medicinal plants can be as informal as, for example, culinary use or consumption of an herbal tea or supplement, although the sale of some herbs considered dangerous is often restricted to the public. Sometimes such herbs are provided to professional herbalists by specialist companies. Many herbalists, both professional and amateur, often grow or "wildcraft" their own herbs.

Some researchers trained in both western and traditional Chinese medicine have attempted to deconstruct ancient medical texts in the light of modern science. One idea is that the yin-yang balance, at least with regard to herbs, corresponds to the pro-oxidant and anti-oxidant balance. This interpretation is supported by several investigations of the ORAC ratings of various yin and yang herbs.^[60]^[61]

Eclectic medicine came out of the vitalist tradition, similar to physiomedicalism and bridged the European and Native American traditions^{[citation needed]}. Cherokee medicine tends to divide herbs into foods, medicines and toxins and to use seven plants in the treatment of disease, which is defined with both spiritual and physiological aspects, according to Cherokee herbalist David Winston.^[62]

In India, Ayurvedic medicine has quite complex formulas with 30 or more ingredients, including a sizable number of ingredients that have undergone "alchemical processing", chosen to balance "Vata", "Pitta" or "Kapha."^[63]

In addition there are more modern theories of herbal combination like William LeSassier's triune formula which combined Pythagorean imagery with Chinese medicine ideas and resulted in 9 herb formulas which supplemented, drained or neutrally nourished the main organ systems affected and three associated systems^{[citation needed]}. His system has been taught to thousands of influential American herbalists through his own apprenticeship programs during his lifetime, the William LeSassier Archive^[64] and the David Winston Center for Herbal Studies^[65]

Many traditional African remedies have performed well in initial laboratory tests to ensure they are not toxic and in tests on animals. Gawo, a herb used in traditional treatments, has been tested in rats by researchers from Nigeria's University of Jos and the National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development. According to research in the African Journal of Biotechnology, Gawo passed tests for toxicity and reduced induced fevers, diarrhoea and inflammation ^[66]

[edit] Routes of administration

[edit] Examples of plants used as medicine

Main article: List of plants used as medicine

Few herbal remedies have conclusively demonstrated any positive effect on humans, mainly because of inadequate testing.^[72] Many of the studies cited refer to animal model investigations or in-vitro assays and therefore cannot provide more than weak supportive evidence.

Aloe vera has traditionally been used for the healing of burns and wounds.^[73] A systematic review (from 1999) states that the efficacy of aloe vera in promoting wound healing is unclear, while a later review (from 2007) concludes that the cumulative evidence supports the use of aloe vera for the healing of first to second degree burns.^[74]^[75]
Agaricus blazei mushrooms may prevent some types of cancer.^[76]
Artichoke (Cynara cardunculus) may reduce production cholesterol levels according to in vitro studies ^[77] and a small clinical study.^[78]
Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) leaf has drawn the attention of the cosmetology community because it interferes with the metalloproteinases that contribute to skin wrinkling.^[79]
Black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis) may have a role in preventing oral cancer.^[80]^[81]^[82]
Boophone (Boophone disticha) This highly toxic plant has been used in South African traditional medicine for treatment of mental illness ^[83]. Research demonstrate in vitro and in vivo effect against depression. ^[84]^[85]^[86]
Butterbur (Petasites hybridus)
Calendula (Calendula officinalis) has been used traditionally for abdominal cramps and constipation.^[87] In animal research an aqueous-ethanol extract of Calendula officinalis flowers was shown to have both spasmolytic and spasmogenic effects, thus providing a scientific rationale for this traditional use.^[88] There is "limited evidence" that calendula cream or ointment is effective in treating radiation dermatitis.^[89]^[90]
Cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos) may be effective in treating urinary tract infections in women with recurrent symptoms.^[91]
Echinacea (Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida, Echinacea purpurea) extracts may limit the length and severity of rhinovirus colds; however, the appropriate dosage levels, which might be higher than is available over-the-counter, require further research.^[92]^[93]
Elderberry (Sambucus nigra) may speed the recovery from type A and B influenza.^[94] However it is possibly risky in the case of avian influenza because the immunostimulatory effects may aggravate the cytokine cascade.^[95]
Feverfew (Chrysanthemum parthenium) is sometimes used to treat migraine headaches.^[96] Although many reviews of Feverfew studies show no or unclear efficacy, a more recent RTC showed favorable results^[97]^[98]^[99] Feverfew is not recommended for pregnant women as it may be dangerous to the fetus.^[100]^[101]
Gawo (Faidherbia albida), a traditional herbal medicine in West Africa, has shown promise in animal tests ^[102]
Garlic (Allium sativum) may lower total cholesterol levels^[103]
German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) has demonstrated antispasmodic, anxiolytic, antiinflammatory and some antimutagenic and cholesterol-lowering effects in animal research.^[104] In vitro chamomile has demonstrated moderate antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and significant antiplatelet activity, as well as preliminary results against cancer.^[105]^[106] Essential oil of chamomile was shown to be a promising antiviral agent against herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in vitro. ^[107]
Ginger (Zingiber officinale), administered in 250 mg capsules for four days, effectively decreased nausea and vomiting of pregnancy in a human clinical trial.^[108]^[109]
Grapefruit (Naringenin) components may prevent obesity.
Green tea (Camelia sinensis) components may inhibit growth of breast cancer cells^[110] and may heal scars faster.^[111]
Purified extracts of the seeds of Hibiscus sabdariffa may have some antihypertensive, antifungal and antibacterial effect. Toxicity tested low except for an isolated case of damage to the testes of a rat after prolonged and excessive consumption.^[112]
Honey may reduce cholesterol.^[113] May be useful in wound healing.^[114]
Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus), administered daily as an aqueous extract of the fresh leaf, has lowered total cholesterol and fasting plasma glucose levels in rats, as well as increasing HDL cholesterol levels. Lemon grass administration had no effect on triglyceride levels. ^[115]
Magnolia
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) extracts have been recognized for many centuries as "liver tonics.".^[116] Research suggests that milk thistle extracts both prevent and repair damage to the liver from toxic chemicals and medications.^[117]
Nigella sativa (Black cumin) has demonstrated analgesic properties in mice. The mechanism for this effect, however, is unclear. In vitro studies support antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and immune modulating effects.^[118]^[119]^[120]^[121]^[122]^[123]^[124]^[125]^[126]^[127]^[128]^[129] However few randomized double blind studies have been published.
Ocimum gratissimum^[130]^[131] and tea tree oil can be used to treat acne.
Oregano (Origanum vulgare) may be effective against multi-drug resistant bacteria.^[132]
Pawpaw can be used as insecticide (killing lice, worms).^[133],^[134]
Peppermint oil may have benefits for individuals with irritable bowel syndrome.^[135]^[136]
Phytolacca or Pokeweed is used as a homeopathic remedy to treat many ailments. It can be applied topically or taken internally. Topical treatments have been used for acne and other ailments. It is used as a treatment for tonsilitis, swollen glands and weight loss.^{[citation needed]}
Pomegranate contains the highest percentage of ellagitannins of any commonly consumed juice. Punicalagin, an ellagitannin unique to pomegranate, is the highest molecular weight polyphenol known.^[137] Ellagitannins are metabolized into urolithins by gut flora, and have been shown to inhibit cancer cell growth in mice.^[138]^[139]
Rauvolfia Serpentina, high risk of toxicity if improperly used^{[citation needed]}, used extensively in India for sleeplessness, anxiety, and high blood pressure.^[140]
Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) contains a number of phenolic compounds, including flavanols, flavones, flavanones, flavonols, and dihydrochalcones.^[141] Rooibos has traditionally been used for skin ailments, allergies, asthma and colic in infants.^[142] In an animal study with diabetic mice, aspalathin, a rooibos constituent improved glucose homeostasis by stimulating insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells and glucose uptake in muscle tissue.^[143]
Rose hips – Small scale studies indicate that hips from Rosa canina may provide benefits in the treatment of osteoarthritis.^[144]^[145]^[146] Rose hips show anti COX activity.^[147]
Salvia lavandulaefolia may improve memory^[148]
Saw Palmetto can be used for BPH. Supported in some studies,^[149] failed to confirm in others.^[150]
Shiitake mushrooms (Lentinus edodes) are edible mushrooms that have been reported to have health benefits, including cancer-preventing properties.^[151] In laboratory research a shiitake extract has inhibited the growth of tumor cells through induction of apoptosis.^[152] Both a water extract and fresh juice of shiitake have demonstrated antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria and fungi in vitro.^[153]^[154]
Soy and other plants that contain phytoestrogens (plant molecules with estrogen activity) (black cohosh probably has serotonin activity) have some benefits for treatment of symptoms resulting from menopause.^[155]
St. John's wort, has yielded positive results, proving more effective than a placebo for the treatment of mild to moderate depression in some clinical trials^[156] A subsequent, large, controlled trial, however, found St. John's wort to be no better than a placebo in treating depression^[157] However, more recent trials have shown positive results^[158]^[159]^[160] or positive trends that failed significance.^[161] A 2004 meta-analysis concluded that the positive results can be explained by publication bias^[162] but later analyses have been more favorable.^[163]^[164] The Cochrane Database cautions that the data on St. John's wort for depression are conflicting and ambiguous.^[165]
Stinging nettle In some clinical studies effective for enign prostatic hyperplasia^[166] and the pain associated with osteoarthritis.^[167] In-vitro tests show antiinflammatory action.^[168] In a rodent model, stinging nettle reduced LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol. ^[169] In another rodent study it reduced platelet aggregation.^[170]
Valerian root can be used to treat insomnia. Clinical studies show mixed results and researchers note that many trials are of poor quality.^[171]^[172]^[173]
Vanilla

[edit] Risks to health

In some cases, herbal medicines offer an inexpensive and safe alternative to pharmaceuticals. In the U.S., which has just 4% of the world's population, 106,000 patients died from and 2.2 million were seriously injured by adverse effects of pharmaceuticals in the year 1994 (Journal of the American Medical Association [2]).

Proper double-blind clinical trials are needed to determine the safety and efficacy of each plant before they can be recommended for medical use.^[174] In addition, many consumers believe that herbal medicines are safe because they are natural. Herbal medicines may interact with synthetic drugs causing toxicity to the patient, herbal products may have contamination that is a safety consideration, and herbal medicines, without proven efficacy, may be used to replace medicines that have a proven efficacy.^[72]

Standardization of purity and dosage is not mandated in the United States, but even products made to the same specification may differ as a result of biochemical variations within a species of plant.^[175] Plants have chemical defense mechanisms against predators that can have adverse or lethal effects on humans. Examples of highly toxic herbs include poison hemlock and nightshade.^[176] They are not marketed to the public as herbs, because the risks are well known, partly due to a long and colorful history in Europe, associated with "sorcery", "magic" and intrigue.^[177] Although not frequent, adverse reactions have been reported for herbs in widespread use.^[178] On occasion serious untoward outcomes have been linked to herb consumption. A case of major potassium depletion has been attributed to chronic licorice ingestion.^[179] Black cohosh has been implicated in a case of liver failure.^[180] Few studies are available on the safety of herbs for pregnant women.^[181]^[182]

Herb drug interactions are a concern. In consultation with a physician, usage of herbal remedies should be clarified, as some herbal remedies have the potential to cause adverse drug interactions when used in combination with various prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceuticals.

Dangerously low blood pressure may result from the combination of an herbal remedy that lowers blood pressure together with prescription medicine that has the same effect. Some herbs may amplify the effects of anticoagulants.^[183] Certain herbs as well as common fruit interfere with cytochrome P450, an enzyme critical to drug metabolism.^[184]

d-wey

curcuma

GINGER BENEFIT

Ginger helps ease nausea in chemo patients

Antioxidants in Green and Black Tea

Medicine - Plants in Asian medicine

Plant drugs

Drug qualities

Benefits of Nettle plant

Nettle tea

Nettle infusion

Nettle tincture

Nettle juice

Root powder

Ginseng plant

Properties and benefits of Ginseng

Treatments

Mixtures

Bloodroot

Bloodroot Herb Use and Medicinal Properties

Bloodroot Habitat and Description

Black Walnut

Trilliums, Birthroot, Beth Root

Blackberry

Blackberry Habitat and Description

How to Grow Blackberries

Blackberry Recipe Ideas

lobelia herbal use

Blue Lobelia

pea function

Pea

Properties of pea

Indications - internal use:

Usage - internal use:

cherries

Cherries

Cherries mini diet:

The exclusive diet

benefit of tomato

Benefits of tomato

Chemical composition of tomatoes

Lycopene, a compound with exceptional properties

Lycopene, a compound with exceptional properties

Thermally treated tomatoes are more efficient

Antioxidants

Contraindications for tomatoes

aloe vera used for

Aloe Vera health benefits

Proprieties of aloe vera

lavender as herbs plants

Benefits of Lavender plant

Description of Lavender plant

Properties and benefits of Lavender

Treatments

Mixtures

Lavender tea

Lavender infusion

Macerated lavender

Lavender tincture

Lavender oil

Lavender vinegar

Lavender water

Lavender bath water

foeniculum vugare l.function as medicine

karvy medical plants in india

Mars barbel medical plants

hophead medical plants in india

kariyat medical plants in india

pandan/fragrant screw pine

Pandan (Pandanus tectorius)

Fragrant Screw Pine

the list of philiipine herbal

ginger/luyang dilaw

Luyang Dilaw - Ginger (Zingiber officinale)

the function of garlic

Bawang, Bauang | Garlic (Allium sativum)

philipine's herbal

Herbal Medicine: Ampalaya (Momordica charantia)

philipne herbal medicine

Banaba (Lagerstroemia speciosa)